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Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for Sustainable Agriculture
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Divya Mittal, Reena V Saini, Rahul Thakur, Soumya Pal, Joydeep Das, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Adesh K Saini
Many microbes harbor pesticide activity. These biocontrol agents have low toxicity and are eco-friendly (Devi et al. 2013a; Khatri et al. 2013; Usta et al. 2013). However, due to the excessive use of pesticides, the contaminated soils give a tough time to these microbes to survive. Many beneficial microbes are not resistant to pesticides that have contaminated the soil. It was reported that excessive use of chemical-based pesticides depletes the population of beneficial microbes (Milošević, and Govedarica 2002; Meena et al. 2015). In addition to this, sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizae decreases due to use of herbicides (Pasaribu et al. 2013). Recently, microbes-based pesticides from actinomycetes were extracted which include milbemycin (fermentation product of Streptomyces hygroscopicus), polynactins (S. aureus-based secondary metabolites), avermectins (abamectin and emamectin from S. avermitilis fermentation), spinosad (Saccharopolyspora spinosa fermentation) were highly effective against pests. Moreover, they are required at a lower amount and are less harmful to non-target organisms in the agro-ecosystem (Devi et al. 2019). Some national and international certifications now approve these bioformulations for use in fields. In addition to this, the new advanced formulation has been developed for biopesticides including nano-formulation to reduce the number of active components for crop protection because biopesticide exists with certain pesticidal activity drawbacks such as instability under physical conditions like high temperature, aridity, and UV rays. Also, they are not so effective during the heavy attack of pest (Singh et al. 2017).
Contributions of Recombinant Microbes and Their Potential
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Arnold L. Demain, Akira Kimura, Atsuhiko Shinmyo
Of great importance has been the cloning of entire antibiotic pathways. The genes of the actinorhodin pathway, normally clustered on the chromosome of S. coelicolor, were transferred en masse by a plasmid to Streptomyces parvulus and were expressed in the latter organism. The presence of the bialophos (a herbicidal antibiotic) resistance gene in the bialaphos biosynthetic cluster allowed cloning of the entire 13-enzyme pathway of this herbicidal antibiotic from Streptomyces hygroscopicus into S. lividans. Here, the resistance gene is also one of the biosynthetic genes, coding for demethylphosphinothricin acetyltransferase.
The EluNIRTM Ridaforolimus Eluting Coronary Stent System
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Panagiotis Savvoulidis, Gidon Perlman, Rodrigo Bagur
The EluNIR™ is the first DES with an elastomeric coating. The stent is coated with a proprietary durable polymer matrix, composed of poly n-butyl methacrylate (PBMA) and CarboSil® (DSM Biomedical, Exton, PA, USA) which is an elastomeric, biocompatible, silicone-modified polyurethane. The elastomeric coating minimizes coating irregularities and polymer damage such as peeling, cracking, and flaking, thereby allowing uniform elution of antiproliferative drug and potentially curbing the probability of inflammatory processes associated with ISR and ST (Figure 1). The coating contains ridaforolimus at a concentration of 1.1 μg/mm2. Ridaforolimus is a high-therapeutic index member of the ‘limus’ family of drugs. It is a non-prodrug analog of Rapamycin (Sirolimus), a macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Like Rapamycin, ridaforolimus permeates the cell membrane, binds to cytosolic FKBP12 and then to mTOR, a P13K-related protein kinase, which acts as a central regulator of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell survival. These effects are attributable to the inhibition of the multiple downstream effects of mTOR’s activity: synthesis of components required for macromolecular synthesis (such as ribosomes), cell size increase, and progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Preclinical data suggest that by 90 days, nearly 90% of the drug was released and by 180 days >95% of the drug is eluted (Figure 2). Unlike previous DES, however, an initial peak (burst) concentration followed by diffusion does not occur. Rather, persistently low drug concentrations are measured in the surrounding vascular tissue for 3 months [24].