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Mercury in Dentistry
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
The acute and long-term effects of mercuric salts are primarily GI disturbances and renal damage manifested as a tubular dysfunction and in severe cases tubular necrosis. Another type of renal damage may also occur. In animal experiments, inorganic mercury has induced antibodies against the basal membrane of the glomeruli.40,41 This autoimmune reaction, possibly with a genetic component, develops a nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria42–44 and signs of glomerular nephritis. Sensitization may occur with allergic symptoms such as dermatitis and bronchial asthma. The lethal dose in man is about 1 g of mercuric salt. Mercury concentrations in the kidney between 10 and 70 mg/kg have been reported from intoxicated humans with renal injury. Normal kidney levels are usually below 3 mg/kg.31
Health and Safety
Published in B. T. Åström, Manufacturing of Polymer Composites, 2018
Sensitization is an allergic reaction that may develop from repeated exposure to a substance, although a single exposure in rare cases may suffice. Even exposure to non-irritating concentrations of a substance may over time cause sensitization. Sensitization is not lost with time. Once sensitized, very low concentrations may be sufficient to cause an allergic reaction and the extent of the reaction need not correlate to the level of exposure. Exposure to one substance may also lead to sensitization towards other substances; this is referred to as cross-sensitization [1].
Alternative skin sensitization prediction and risk assessment using proinflammatory biomarkers, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Min Kook Kim, Kyu-Bong Kim, Hyung Sik Kim, Byung-Mu Lee
Skin sensitization is a skin sensitizer-induced allergic reaction characterized by symptoms such as inflammation and hypersensitivity (Castañeda et al. 2017; Kim et al. 2018a; Lim et al. 2018a). This condition occurs frequently in the general population and is emerging as a global health problem (Jo et al. 2018; Lim et al. 2018b; Python, Goebel, and Aeby 2007; Schäfer et al. 2001). The presence of skin sensitizers is a safety concern in various consumer products, and test methods for their detection were recently developed (Lee, Hwang, and Lim 2017; Nepal et al. 2018; Park, Lee, and Park 2018). Previously, the evaluation of skin sensitization potency for certain substances was performed via in vivo experiments such as guinea pig maximization test, murine local lymph node assay (LLNA), and human repeat insult patch test (Basketter et al. 1996; Gerberick et al. 2001). These in vivo investigations might accurately assess skin sensitization potency for any substance but are limited by cost and ethics (Basketter et al. 1996; Kim et al. 2018b). Notably, animal testing of cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials was banned in Europe since March 2013 (European Commission (EC), 2013). As such, it is essential to develop alternative methods to assess skin sensitization potency (Lee and Kacew 2018; Python, Goebel, and Aeby 2007; Reuter et al. 2011).
How clean is your house? A study of house dust mites, allergens and other contents of dust samples collected from households
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Lucy S. Casley, Tom Godec, James G. Logan, James C. Pearce, Hugh M. P. Smith, Sophie A. Stewart, Sarah Y. Dewhirst
Sensitization to allergens, particularly during childhood, can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, including perennial allergic rhinitis and eczema and are also a significant risk factor for asthma (Sanchez-Borges et al. 2017). It has been reported that these dust-related diseases affect approximately 15–20% of the population in industrialized countries (Zock et al. 2006; Jacquet 2013). While regular vacuuming can help to alleviate symptoms of dust-related diseases (Wu et al. 2012), not all households practice regular vacuuming of their mattresses and the frequency of vacuuming in other locations is not well documented (Platts-Mills et al. 1997). Several studies successfully used surveys as a method to investigate whether housing characteristics, such as age and ventilation, were predictors of Der p 1 levels in mattresses (Arbes et al. 2003; Garrett et al. 1998; Zock et al. 2006; Portnoy et al. 2013). These studies have compared allergen levels geographically across European countries, and nationally in America and Australia. In particular, these studies have focused on one demographic group, such as families, and there are currently no national studies investigating differences between dust content across other demographics in our society. In addition, Zock et al. (2006) recommended that future studies include allergen assessment at multiple household locations including carpets and upholstered furniture.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Skin sensitization is a response of the adaptive immune system, in which there is a delayed T-cell-mediated allergic response to chemically modified skin proteins where haptens bind to proteins and are recognized by the immune system, termed skin sensitizers (Basketter, Darlenski, and Fluhr 2008). The activation of hapten-specific naïve T cells by haptenated LC that migrate to lymph nodes might generate effector and memory T cells (Divkovic et al. 2005). Subsequent skin contact with a sufficient dose of the chemical might elicit a skin reaction termed allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).