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Skin development and regeneration, and the control of fibrosis
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Michael S. Hu, H. Peter Lorenz, Michael T. Longaker
Multipotent stem cells, able to give rise to all components of the epidermis, have been identified in the hair follicle in a specialized microenvironment of the outer root sheath known as the bulge (Taylor et al. 2000; Oshima et al. 2001). These stem cells do not contribute to the maintenance of the interfollicular epidermis during normal homeostasis. However, with injury, these cells rapidly migrate out of the bulge and give rise to a new epidermis (Levy et al. 2007). Despite a recent increase in the understanding of epidermal stem cells and their niche microenvironments, their role for skin regenerative purposes has not been defined.
Epidermal stimulating factors-gelatin/polycaprolactone coaxial electrospun nanofiber: ideal nanoscale material for dermal substitute
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Li Yan, Haoyu Wang, Hui Xu, Rui Zheng, Zhengyu Shen
The H&E-stained sections displayed the neo-epithelium in the wound defects in the three groups (Figure 5 A1–A3). The Masson's trichrome at 3 weeks revealed that the ES-GT/PCL-treated wound repair had recovered comparable morphology to its own normal edge, while the regeneration portions of the other two groups seemed different to the original parts (Figure 5 A4–A6). Similar results can be concluded from the CK17 immunofluorescence staining of the outer root sheath (ORS) of the hair follicle (Figure 5 A7–A9) and Perilipin-1 immunofluorescence staining of lipid droplets of fat tissue (Figure 5 A10–A12). The ratio of epidermal thickness, dermal thickness, hair follicle density and fat tissue integrity of three groups comparing with their native counterparts was shown in Table 2.
Keratinocytes-hair follicle bulge stem cells-fibroblasts co-cultures on a tri-layer skin equivalent derived from gelatin/PEG methacrylate nanofibers
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Babitha Sumathy, Prabha D Nair
Isolation and characterization of HFBSCs are represented in Figure 7. Histological analysis of whisker pads stained with H & E and Sirius Red staining clearly showed the bulge region housing stem cell population located in the outer root sheath of hair follicle (Figure 7(a)). Histological sections also showed striking auto-fluorescence at the bulge region when examined using a fluorescence microscope with FITC filter (Figure 7(b)). This auto-fluorescence can be ascribed to the unique redox state and quiescent nature of these cells. This observation also suggests a unique metabolic status of bulge cells [61]. Thus, by identifying the anatomical location of bulge region as well the auto- fluorescence (Figure 7(e)) enabled us to precisely excise the bulge region from hair follicle for explant culture (Figure 7(d)). Cells were found migrating out from bulge explants after 7 days of culture (Figure 7(f)). Figure 7g shows a fully confluent culture of HFBSCs. In a next step, immunofluorescence staining was performed with cell-specific antibodies, which enabled to confirm their stemness identity. Hair follicle bulge stem cells are increasingly well characterized, which make possible their identification, though no universal marker has been found for them. It has been previously demonstrated that nestin-expressing cells in the bulge region of the hair follicle have stem cell-like properties, multipotent and can give rise to all skin cell lineages in vivo [62,63]. Liu et al. [64] discovered that the stem cells of the bulge are marked immunohistochemically by antibodies to CK15. Likewise, CD34 and CD45 have previously been reported as putative markers of HFBSCs [65–67]. In the present study, cells from primary bulge explants culture showed a clear positive staining for Nestin (Figure 7(h1)), CK15 (Figure 7(h2)), CD34 (Figure 7(h3))and CD45 (Figure 7(h4)).