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Socio-Economic and Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomethane and Biohydrogen
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash K. Sarangi, Biomethane, 2022
Ranjita Swain, Rudra Narayan, Biswa R. Patra
Biomass precursors are generally converted into sugar or carbohydrate and then fermented by anaerobic organisms for the production of biohydrogen. The bacterial species such as Clostridium pasteurianum, Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium acetobutylicum are the key microorganisms responsible for biohydrogen production (Cabrol et al., 2017). Photo-heterotrophic bacteria convert organic acids into hydrogen in the existence of light (Sarangi and Nanda, 2020). Photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseu- domonas palustris are also found to be efficient microorganisms for the production of biohydrogen (Kapdan and Kargi, 2006). Photo-bioreactors like bubble column and tubular reactors are often used for the production of biohydrogen.
Biohydrogen Production by Photobiological Processes
Published in Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi, Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes, 2019
Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi
Light is the source of energy for most of the photosynthetic organisms. Therefore, the intensity and dispersion of light during photobiological hydrogen production directly affects the photosynthetic efficiency and in turn hydrogen yield. It was previously reported that increase in light intensity increased the biomass growth and hydrogen production (Akroum-Amrouche et al. 2011). They concluded that under the influence of light intensity, Rhodobacter sphaeroides produced hydrogen in an exponential phase as well as in stationary phase (Akroum-Amrouche et al. 2011). An optimal light intensity range of 50–200 μE m−2 s−1 was found to be suitable for microalgal biomass growth and hydrogen production (Dasgupta et al. 2010). However, intensities greater than 200 μE m−2 s−1 can lead to photoinhibition. Moreover, high light intensities caused oxidative stress in the cells (Kosourov et al. 2017). On the contrary, certain organisms produce hydrogen in the absence of light (i.e., dark conditions). It was reported by Tiwari and Pandey (2012) that certain cyanobacteria favored dark conditions for hydrogen production. In such organisms, stable dark/night cycles are used such that during the day the growth occurs at the optimal light intensity and during the night hydrogen production takes place. This phenomenon is observed mainly in non-heterocystous cyanobacteria such as A. variabilis SPU 003, which produces hydrogen only during darkness (Tiwari and Pandey 2012).
Fundamentals of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell
Published in Lakhveer Singh, Durga Madhab Mahapatra, Waste to Sustainable Energy, 2019
MFC device holding both oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs generate a mixotrophic environment. Bioelectricity production was observed to be better under light periods in comparison with dark in spite of higher dissolved O2 with light, probably due to the fact that anoxygenic phototrophs were more efficient in electron production (Chandra et al. 2012). To gather the benefits of keeping very low hydrogen concentration, linking the photosynthetic hydrogen generation accompanied in situ hydrogen oxidation via an electrocatalytic-conversion phase offers a hopeful technology. As a result, H2/H+ works as a natural electron mediator between the anode and the microbial metabolism. In addition, generating hydrogen in a photofermentation process from organic matter by anoxygenic photosynthetic purple bacterium has been researched in joining with electrocatalytic electrodes for instantaneous hydrogen elimination (Cho et al. 2008, Rosenbaum et al. 2005). Cho et al. (2008) reported the immediate connection of photosynthetic activity and power generation using Rhodobacter sphaeroides in the light (3 W/m3) against dark (0.008 W/m3) (Rosenbaum et al. 2010).
Green hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Dahbia Akroum-Amrouche, Hamza Akroum, Hakim Lounici
In the last few years, these bacteria have gained more attention from research activity because of their capacity to generate hydrogen in anaerobic via nitrogenase using light energy and carbon sources as the electron donors (Table 1). Photofermentation becomes a promising process among a variety of alternative hydrogen production processes. In this paper, we focus on Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacterium.
Floating treatment wetlands as biological buoyant filters for wastewater reclamation
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Khadeeja Rehman, Amna Ijaz, Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Afzal
Bacteria exhibit numerous metabolism-dependent and -independent methods to remove pollutants (da Costa and de França 2003; Stanley and Ogden 2003; Afzal et al.2007, 2008; Rehman et al.2007; Afzal, Khan, et al.2013). For instance, many strains of photosynthetic bacteria can improve the quality of water containing organic compounds (Sasaki and Nakatsubo 2007; Shabir et al.2008, 2016; Yousaf et al.2010; Afzal et al.2011; Ahmad et al.2012; Mitter et al.2013; Arslan et al.2014). Similarly, other bacteria are capable of assimilating nutrients and reducing COD, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations (Hiraishi et al.1991, Nagadomi, Kitamura, et al.2000). This efficiency of wastewater treatment can be enhanced greatly by immobilizing them into biofilms (Tramper and De Man 1986; Liu and Luo 2002). Nagadomi, Kitamura, et al. (2000a) reported a concise and effective microbiological treatment for reduction in COD (89%), nitrate (99), phosphate (77%), and hydrogen sulfide (99.8%) in sewage wastewater by immobilizing three photosynthetic strains of bacteria namely Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter sphaeroides NR-3, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Nagadomi, Takahasi, et al.2000). Similarly, aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, PCBs, petroleum, and crude oil have also been reported to be treated by bacterial species, especially by the members of genus Pseudomonas (Brandt et al.2006; Glick 2010; Shafique et al.2011; Yousaf et al.2011; Fatima et al.2015; Jabeen et al.2016; Tahseen et al.2016; Shehzadi et al.2016; Ashraf, Afzal, Naveed, et al.2018). Research reports have indicated that radioactive waste is also treatable by bacteria (Tabak et al.2005). The remediation capabilities of bacteria provide a good option for treatment of not only complex compounds but trace metals as well that cannot be degraded/sequestered otherwise (Khan et al.2014). Bacteria are able to eliminate metals and radionuclides by changing their oxidation states, which results in the element being either dissolved, i.e., becoming able to be transported, or is precipitated i.e., immobilized (Tabak et al.2005; Van Hullebusch et al.2005). A few bacterial species of Oscillatoria, Arthobacter, Agrobacter, and Enterobacter are capable of pollutant-degradation and metal-reduction in contaminated soil and water (Weyens, van der Lelie, Taghavi, Newman, et al.2009; Khan, Afzal, Iqbal, Khan 2013). This is the property of bacteria, which allows them to enhance the spectrum of action of plants, when made to work together, as shown in Table 2.