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Robotic Technology and Artificial Intelligence in Rehabilitation Medicine
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Technologies are the scientific facts and principles that engineers use to make tools and products. The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering describes Rehabilitation Engineering as “the use of engineering principles to (1) develop technological solutions and devices to assist individuals with disabilities and (2) aid the recovery of physical and cognitive functions lost because of disease or injury. Rehabilitation engineers systematically apply engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities in functional areas, such as mobility, communications, hearing, vision, and cognition; and in activities associated with employment, independent living, education, and integration into the community.”
Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Complete recovery requires 1–2 weeks. Diagnosis of the disease is difficult, as physical symptoms are nonspecific. White blood cell counts may show a striking leukopenia (abnormally low leukocytes in the blood) and lymphopenia (reduction in number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood). The virus can be isolated from the serum (fluid that forms blood clots). Because there are no drugs or specific treatments for the disease, treatment is supportive. Analgesics may be given to relieve headache and myalgia. Victims that develop encephalitis can be treated with anticonvulsants and fluid therapy for electrolyte balance. Two vaccines are available, but are still in the investigation phase of development. TC-83, a live vaccine, is given in a single dose 0.5 mL subcutaneously. A second vaccine, C-84, is used to boost those who do not respond to the TC-83. It is given 0.5 mL subcutaneously in 3 doses at 2–4-week intervals. Research is also underway using antiviral drugs that have shown some promise with laboratory animals. However, no human clinical data are available. VEE virus remains active outside the host in pharyngeal secretions, dried blood, and exudates (fluids from wounds or pores of the skin). It can be inactivated with moist and dry heat. Disinfectant solutions include 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, 2% glutaraldehyde, and formaldehyde.
Policy and regulations in rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
As described in more detail in Chapter 1, rehabilitation engineering can be broadly defined as the systematic application of engineering principles (including technical expertise and design methodologies) to the design, development, adaption, testing, evaluation, and application of technological solutions for individuals, that aid in the recovery of physical and cognitive functioning lost due to disease, injury, and human aging, in areas such as mobility, communications, hearing, vision, and cognition (adapted from the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, P.L. 93–112 (Rehabilitation Act of 1973, P.L. 93–112)) (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering 2017; Cooper, Ohnabe, and Hobson 2006).
Parallel assistive robotic system for knee rehabilitation: kinematic and dynamic modeling validation
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Andrés Guatibonza, Leonardo Solaque, Alexandra Velasco
Physical rehabilitation focuses on performing repetitive exercises such as knee extension, hamstring stretching, adductors contraction, leg lifting, standing up, balancing with one leg, leg lateral elevation, and calf stretching. In some cases, patients may use elements such as elastic bands and weights to stretch and strengthen the muscles involved in the knee joint mobility [8,10]. The routines vary according to the patient’s condition and the diagnosis. The recovery time of the joint functionality depends on the commitment of the patient and the severity of the injury, taking weeks, months or even years. However, satisfactory results are only reached if patient performs the exercises regularly. For this reason, in physiotherapy there is a great interest in developing assistive devices to support the medical work of physical rehabilitation in the execution of repetitive tasks or exercises in a controlled environment, in order to improve pleople’s quality of life [11–13].
Tele-rehabilitation using in-house wearable ankle rehabilitation robot
Published in Assistive Technology, 2018
Prashant K. Jamwal, Shahid Hussain, Nazim Mir-Nasiri, Mergen H. Ghayesh, Sheng Q. Xie
Often, patients with serious ankle injuries have to spend a longer time for recovery. This is especially true for those with serious medical conditions such as stroke and spinal cord injuries or individuals with Cerebral Palsy. Consistent and incremental rehabilitation is vital for a quicker recovery. This requires the patient to commit to a steady rehabilitation process performing all the recommended exercises as outlined by the physiotherapist. Although vital to recovery, it is often hard for patients to commit to regular rehabilitation exercises as directed over longer periods. This is especially true if the exercises are quite repetitive. Children in particular tend to have lower motivations for long-term rehabilitation. Due to the nature of their already developing musculoskeletal structures, it is important to ensure they are constantly motivated throughout the ordeal.
Resilience in railway transport systems: a literature review and research agenda
Published in Transport Reviews, 2020
Recovery is the ability of the system to return from the disrupted state to its original condition. Depending on a disruption, recovery may last a few hours (e.g. due to a vehicle failure) up to multiple weeks (e.g. due to severe flooding or tsunami).