China 
Africa 
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Lateral Flow Assays
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Kamil Żukowski, Marcin Drozd, Robert Ziółkowski, Mariusz Pietrzak, Katarzyna Tokarska, Adam Nowiński, Elżbieta Malinowska
Another globally prevalent viral infectious disease which can be detected using LFA is Hepatitis B. It is a dangerous infection which leads to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B surface antigen constitute a conventional serological marker for screening using radioimmunoassay, ELISA or chemiluminescence/electrochemiluminescence LFA tests. Especially the latter have been widely used as they facilitate self-examinations, health checks or blood donations in emergency situation. Nevertheless, the quantitative detection may be difficult due to the influence of sample matrix color and light reflection (103). In order to overcome these limitations, LFA is often combined with molecular methods (recombinase polymerase amplification) (104).
Seasonal Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Lineages in Extreme Environments
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Nafeesa Farooq Khan, Uzma Zehra, Zafar A. Reshi, Manzoor Ahmad Shah, Tawseef Rehman Baba
Recently serine-based protease obtained from Glaciozyma antarctica demonstrated towering activity around 20°C (Alias et al., 2014; Sarmiento et al., 2015). Some heat-labile Uracil-DNA N-glycosylase exploration in Psychrobacter species and its vector cloned/expressed form in E. coli, has optimal functional temperature is 20°C–25°C (Lee et al., 2009). Recombinant Cryonase, a cold-active nuclease, isolate of Shewanella sp., can digest all kinds of genomes (single/double/linear/circular) and can be inactive after half an hour incubation at 70°C (Awazu et al., 2011). Nowadays, recombinase polymerase amplification is carried out using cold-active recombinases facilitating the insertional oligonucleotide primer in dsDNA. Also, psychrophilles are suppliers of DNA-ligase combating cold and supporting significantly higher enzyme activities. The ligase extracted from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, displays activity at 4°C (Georlette et al., 2000; Sarmiento et al., 2015). Furthermore, cold-adapted lipases have also been reported to target stains from triglycerides (Jiewei et al., 2014; Ji et al., 2015). More recently among lipases an efficient lipase enzyme, source strain Pseudomonas stutzeri, has displayed better enzyme activity at a temperature of 20°C and a pH need of 81/2 (Li et al., 2014). Often it is useful for detergent/surfactant/oxidant, large scale making (Li et al., 2014). Use of alpha-amylase which converts starch into water soluble form through 1,4-α-glucosidic bond hydrolysis (Hmidet et al., 2009; Sarmiento et al., 2015) has been yielded from Bacillus cereus which is detergent stable (Roohi et al., 2013). Alpha-amylase so obtained has an optimum operation at 22°C, stable activity at low temperatures of 4°C–37°C, and alkaline pH >7–11. Yet, another amylase isolated from marine Zunongwangia profunda has potential applicability in detergents (Qin et al., 2014). Hydrolytic cellulase enzymes, derived from fungus Humicola insolens can withstand 15°C. This cellulase finds use in color protecting and brightening detergents, digests damaged fabric fibers, and eliminates (β)beta glucan dirt stains. The enzyme’s optimum activity ranges around 30°C–60°C but is also active at fairly low temperatures (Sarmiento et al., 2015).
Developing mitochondrial DNA field-compatible tests
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Bidhan C. Dhar, Christina E. Roche, Jay F. Levine
Several alternative nucleic acid based isothermal amplification methods have been developed (Kim & Easley, 2011). Among these are loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP; Notomi et al. 2000), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA; Piepenburg et al., 2006), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA, also known as transcription mediated amplification; Compton, 1991), and rolling circle amplification (RCA; Dean et al., 2001). Although these methods can differ considerably, all share some common characteristics (Figure 1).