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Radiation protection in medicine
Published in Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole
This basic scintigraphy technology has been developed to include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). As the name implies, this is very similar to transmission CT except that the system detects γ-ray photons emitted by the radioactive tracers within the body and constructs an image of a section through an organ or the whole body using one, two or even three gamma camera detector arrays or ‘heads’. The organs that can be imaged by this technique include the lungs, brain, liver, spleen, kidneys, thyroid, bone and blood. Most of these tests use suitable pharmaceuticals labelled with a radionuclide (called radiopharmaceuticals). The radionuclide commonly used is technetium-99m (Tc-99m) whose great advantage is that it can be obtained from a radionuclide generator. The generator typically contains 0.04 TBq of molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), which has a half-life of 66 h and decays to the pure γ-emitter technetium-99m (Tc-99m), which has a half-life of 6 h. Mo-99 is absorbed onto tin dioxide and, as the Tc-99m daughter is produced, it is released into saline solution in the generator. The saline solution containing the Tc-99m is eluted into phials and, if necessary, combined with pharmaceuticals in preparation for administration.
Radionuclide Generators for Biomedical Applications: Advent of Nanotechnology
Published in Feng Chen, Weibo Cai, Hybrid Nanomaterials, 2017
Rubel Chakravarty, Ramu Ram, Ashutosh Dash
A radionuclide generator is a self-contained system housing an equilibrium mixture of a parent/daughter radionuclide pair (Knapp and Baum 2012; Knapp and Mirzadeh 1994). The system is designed to separate the daughter radionuclide formed by the decay of a parent radionuclide by virtue of the differences in their chemical properties (Knapp and Baum 2012) (Fig. 10.1). The parent-daughter nuclear relationships offer the possibility to separate the daughter radionuclide at suitable time intervals (Fig. 10.2). Before discussing the role of nanomaterials in radionuclide generator technology, it is important to throw some light on the basic principles of radionuclide generators, parent−daughter equilibrium and the intimate relationship that exists between them. A list of some medically important radionuclide generator systems is given in Table 10.1, along with the decay characteristics of the parent and daughter radionuclides.
Management of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
The most commonly used radionuclide generator is the 99Mo-99mTc generator. After its use the technetium generator can be sent back to the supplier, if this is agreed upon. Otherwise, the generator can be stored for decay for a couple of months, and then the molybdenum column can be dismounted, and the rest of the generator can be handled as non-radioactive material after all radiation labels have been removed. Applicable conditions for other radionuclide generators should be checked with the manufacturer.
A Survey of Extraction Chromatographic f-Element Separations Developed by E. P. Horwitz
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Erin R. Bertelsen, Jessica A. Jackson, Jenifer C. Shafer
The EXC systems using HDEHP on Celite columns were employed as radionuclide generator systems for the production of 255Fm, 249Cf, and 248Cm from 255Es, 249Bk, and 252Cf, respectively (Table 5).[13,14] Typically, in a radionuclide generator system, a longer-lived parent radionuclide is retained on a chromatographic column while its shorter-lived daughter radionuclide is eluted, or “milked”, from the column. The radionuclide generator systems proposed by Horwitz and his colleagues deviated from this norm.[13,14] In the instance of the 249Cf and 248Cm generators, the daughter radionuclides outlive their respective parents.