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Quantum Dots Designed for Biomedical Applications
Published in Claudia Altavilla, Enrico Ciliberto, Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives, 2017
Ragusa Andrea, Zacheo Antonella, Aloisi Alessandra, Pellegrino Teresa
An important contribution to the use of QD probes to track metastatic tumor cells in a living animal model came from Voura et al. (2004). Using lipofectamine associated to DHLA-capped QDs, the fluorescent probes were efficiently delivered to B16 melanoma cells. QD-labeled tumor cells preserved the ability to form tumor, as observed at 40 days after injection in a mouse model. In this study, multiplexing imaging of five different populations of cells in vivo was also proven by using multiphoton and emission scanning microscopy for deep tissue-imaging. Metastatic cancer cells present abnormal membrane fluidity. This feature allows the tumor cells to detach from the parental tumor, migrate through the bloodstream, and invade organs and tissues. A contribution in understanding the mechanism of cancer progression by employing QDs was just reported by Gonda et al., who developed single-molecule imaging method to detail protein dynamics, membrane fluidity, and morphology in metastatic cancer cells in vivo, with a high spatial precision (Gonda et al. 2010). They have used anti-PAR1 antibody-conjugated QDs (anti-PAR1-QDs), specific for a tumor cell membrane protein (Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)) that plays a crucial role in metastatic process. Transformed PAR1-KPL breast cancer cells were transplanted subcutaneously in female SCID mice, while anti-PAR1-QDs were injected into the tail vein 5 to 10 weeks after transplantation. Labeled anti-PAR1-QD cancer cells were observed in different locations: far from the blood vessel in tumors, in the bloodstream within tumors, near the vessel and adherent to the inner vascular surface in normal tissue near tumors, thus demonstrating the process of cancer metastasis.
Wearable Sensors for Blood Perfusion Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Evgenii A. Zherebtsov, Elena V. Zharkikh, Yulia I. Loktionova, Angelina I. Zherebtsova, Viktor V. Sidorov, Alexander I. Krupatkin, Andrey V. Dunaev
The progression of increased endothelial permeability is thought to be associated with cathepsin S. Сathepsin S secreted by the invading macrophages activates protease-activated receptor-2 on endothelial cells, resulting in the increase in microvascular permeability manifesting as albuminuria; administration of inhibitors of either cathepsin S or protease-activated receptor-2 prevented ultrastructural and functional endothelial abnormalities and attenuated albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis [22,23].
Extraction of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa: comparative study between batch extraction and novel three phase partitioning
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Sujata S. Patil, Siddhant Bhasarkar, Virendra K. Rathod
Another important assay for proteinase inhibition can also be carried out to study the ability of extract to hamper activity of trypsin. Trypsin plays a crucial role at different phases of inflammation. When body gets susceptible with a pathogenic attack, immediately the neutrophils get activated. During this period of inflammation, these neutrophils secrete several serine proteases like proteinases-3 (PR3). However, these proteases protract inflammatory response by the degradation of opsonins and phagocytic receptors. Moreover, trypsin along with protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activates on their surface. Accumulation of PARs results into higher inflammation due to the synthesis of inflammatory mediators from interstitial cells and platelets. Also, trypsin causes degranulation of eosinophils which lead to tissue damage and dysfunction.