China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Air pollution, regulation and management
Published in Andrew Farmer, Managing environmental pollution, 2002
For any pollutant that is proposed to be released, the concentration in the environment around a particular process is a combination of the concentration of the pollutant released by the process and the existing background levels. Together they form the ‘predicted environmental concentration’(PEC). For existing processes, monitoring around a plant will measure the PEC. For a new process, monitoring will identify background levels, and dispersion modelling will be necessary to identify the contribution from the plant.
Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Lubricants
Published in Brajendra K. Sharma, Girma Biresaw, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants, 2016
Jagadeesh K. Mannekote, Satish V. Kailas
A major drawback of the ecotoxicity and biodegradability tests is that they only determine the inherent properties of a chemical, ignoring the exposure aspects. This has to be addressed by conducting the risk assessment, which compares the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) with the predicted ecotoxicological limit concentration (PNEC) tolerated without adverse effects on most sensitive aquatic organisms. If the ratio PEC/PNEC for a given compound is less than 1, it suggests that the compound is environmentally nontoxic.
LEGAL AND REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS
Published in Richard Helmer, Ivanildo Hespanhol, Water Pollution Control, 2017
Richard Helmer, Ivanildo Hespanhol
At a more general level, the OECD has also developed a risk assessment methodology for estimating the likely environmental impact of high production-volume chemicals. This uses the concept of Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) and Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) to calculate the risk of harm to the environment from a particular chcmical.
Assessment of potential ecological risk of bisphenol A in surface waters via evaluation of alternative non-animal approaches
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Hi Gyu Moon, Yooeun Chae, Seonhee Bae, Yong-Jae Kim, Chang-Beom Park, June-Woo Park, Sooyeon Kim, Jong-Su Seo
In this study, we suggest a new approach of environmental risk assessment method for WQC of BPA in the surface water of 11 rivers in Asia using an alternative toxicity method based on the in vitro-based cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity. These rivers are important water sources not only for industrial and agricultural applications, but also for domestic purposes in watershed cities with a population of more than two million. In addition, because of the accessibility and closeness to the human activity, the freshwater ecosystems in these rivers could be critically affected by contaminants and pollutions. Consequently, in populated watersheds, the potential for contamination of chemicals is high and can be affect freshwater ecosystems. The study used the following generic framework and guidelines of the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB 2001) for ecological risk assessments: (1) derivation of the PNEC and (2) calculation of the risk quotient (RQ), which is the ratio of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to the PNEC. Finally, RQ is used to measure the ecological risk. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models based on traditional acute and chronic toxicity and alternative non-animal toxicity results were used to calculate the PNEC for BPA. The PNEC values were used to assess the ecological risk of BPA in the surface waters of rivers. Therefore, the ecological risks of BPA in the surface waters were assessed using both SSD models and WQC.
Promotion of clinoptilolite adsorption for azithromycin antibiotic by Tween 80 and Triton X-100 surface modifiers under batch and fixed-bed processes
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Zahra Saadi, Reza Fazaeli, Leila Vafajoo, Iraj Naser, Ghodratollah Mohammadi
In order to investigate the environmental risks of pharmaceuticals, parameters of Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) and Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) have been considered by European Medicines Evaluation Authority (EMEA) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (Mihciokur and Oguz 2016). If PEC/PNEC ratio is between 0.01 and 0.1, it is unnecessary to evaluate the hazards of pharmaceuticals. If PEC/PNEC ratio is between 0.1 and 1, the pharmaceutical has insignificant influence. Then, if PEC/PNEC ratio is between 1 and 10, the pharmaceutical has moderate importance. However, if PEC/PNEC ratio is above 10, the pharmaceutical has considerable environmental hazards (Stockholm County Council 2012; Mihciokur and Oguz 2016).