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Toward Understanding the Intelligent Properties of Biological Macromolecules
Published in George K. Knopf, Amarjeet S. Bassi, Smart Biosensor Technology, 2018
Using the same copolymer, B-PUMT, we demonstrated that the Str-PE immobilization could be carried out on the surface of optical fibers by a self-assembly technique much simpler than the LB film experiment described above (17). As described in Figure 2.7, the fibers were first declad to expose the optical surface, which was then silanized with chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane. Then, the B-PUMT was bound to the optical fiber surface through hydrophobic interactions between its pendant undecyl chains and the octadecyl chains of the silanizing agent. Biotin ligands on the copolymer, pendant in aqueous solution, bound added streptavidin in the Str-PE complexes. The native fluorescencespectrum of phycoerythrin was then measured via the optical coupling between evanescent waves extending from the optical fiber and the immobilized phycoerythrin chomophores (17,18). One of the advantages of the attachment system involving the biotin–streptavidin interaction is the fact that these derivatizations can be carried out for all biological molecules and polymers. This results in a very useful and versatile cassette methodology for surface immobilization of any photodynamic protein, as well as other proteins, and nucleic acids.
Biomolecules from Microalgae for Commercial Applications
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Meghna Rajvanshi, Uma Shankar Sagaram, G. Venkata Subhash, G. Raja Krishna Kumar, Chitranshu Kumar, Sridharan Govindachary, Santanu Dasgupta
Phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin are collectively called phycobilisomes. Among these, C-phycocyanin is present in red algae, Cryptomonads and Cyanelles. Spirulina platensis and Porphyridium are extensively used for the commercial production of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, respectively. Phycocyanin is a unique pigment and has an exhaustive list of commercial applications in food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, textile and printing dye industries, and newer applications are emerging frequently. In addition, it is used as a fluorescent probe in cytometry and as an immunological analysis and DNA staining agent in research and diagnostic applications (Singh, Kuddus, and Thomas 2009). Phycocyanin also selectively inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer cells and MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation) in human breast cancer cells (Hosseini, Khosravi-Darani, and Mozafari 2013; Eriksen 2008). The FDA and EFSA recommend up to 3 to 10 g daily of S. platensis for human health and have approved phycocyanin as a colorant in the food and confectionary industry (Seyidoglu, Inan, and Aydin 2017). In 2018, the global phycocyanin market was valued at USD 112 million, and by the end of 2025, it is estimated to reach more than USD 232 million, growing at a CAGR of 7.6% (Phycocyanin to Show Consistent Penetration Owing to Use in Multiple Food and Beverages Applications 2018). Phycoerythrin is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family. It is produced from Cyanobacteria, Cryptomonads and the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Phycoerythrin is used as a colorant in ice creams, confectionaries, milk products and candies (Dufossé et al. 2005). Also, R-phycoerythrin is used as a fluorescence-based indicator to detect the presence of cyanobacteria and for labeling antibodies in flow cytometry (Sekar and Chandramohan 2008; De Rosa, Brenchley, and Roederer 2003).
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate: adjuvant properties and effect on cytokine production
Published in Acta Biomaterialia Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Sara Alizadehgharib, Anna-Karin Östberg, Ulf Dahlgren
The 21plex Group II and 27plex Group I cytokine panels (Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine Assay; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hemel Hempstead, UK) were used to measure the cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor levels in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, supernatants (n = 8) were incubated with color-coded beads conjugated with antibodies directed to the desired biomarker, e.g. the cytokine TNF-α. Antibodies directed against different biomarkers have different colored beads to which they are attached. The sample was added, and the beads reacted with the biomarker of interest present in the sample. After each step, a washing series was performed to remove unbound protein and thereafter a biotinylated detection antibody (used to create a sandwich complex) is added. The final detection complex is formed when streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SA-PE) conjugate is added to bind to the biotinylated antibody. Phycoerythrin acts as a fluorescent indicator, or reporter. The concentration of the cytokines were measured using a BioPlex 200 instrument equipped with BioManager analysis software (BioRad, Hercules, CA), using red and green lasers to detect the different colors on the beads while measuring the fluorescence intensity using a standard curve. The red (635 nm) laser and the green (532 nm) laser measure concentration (pg/ml) and median fluorescence intensity (MFI). The concentration of the analyte bound to each bead is proportional to the MFI of the reporter signal. The detection limit differed for each cytokine (depending on the standard curve for each one).
Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Colin McReynolds, Amandine Adrien, Natalia Castejon, Susana C. M. Fernandes
Although macroalgae contain relatively high amounts of proteins, extraction/purification of these molecules using DESs is little explored. Using an aquatic biphasic system with DESs and ammonium sulfate precipitation, Xu et al. (135) were able to purify R-phycoerythrin from Porphyra yeonesis. After an initial freeze-thaw crude protein extraction step, ChCl:urea with K2HPO4 was used to purify the resulting extract. The authors were thus able to purify up to 66.9% of the R-phycoerythrin from the initial extract, at drug-grade purity.