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Toxic Responses of the Skin
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Since the penetration of a chemical into the skin occurs by simple diffusion, the following factors will determine the percutaneous absorption of a chemical. These are the concentration and volume of the chemical, the duration of exposure, the area of exposure, the skin temperature, the binding of the chemical to the skin, the vehicle or solvent for the chemical, and the chemical nature of the toxic substance (polar versus non-polar). In addition, the regional nature of the skin itself will affect chemical absorption. Areas with thicker stratum corneum such as the palms or soles of the feet will act as better barriers to external agents than areas with thinner stratum corneum such as the forehead or inner wrist. The water content of the stratum corneum will also affect the entry of compounds. Hydrophilic agents will pass through moist skin more readily than through dry skin.
Video observation of hand-hygiene compliance in a manufacturer of ready-to-eat pie and pastry products
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Ellen W. Evans, Elizabeth C. Redmond
The company hand-hygiene procedure required staff to implement hand-washing with soap and water, based upon the World Health Organization technique (World Health Organization n.d.). The required steps to be implemented by staff prior to proceeding into the production area for a hand-hygiene attempt to be classed as ‘compliant’ included: Wet hands with waterApply enough soap to cover all surfaces of the handsRub hands palm to palm, rub right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa, rub palm to palm with fingers interlaced, rub backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked, rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa, and rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versaRinse hands with waterDry thoroughly with a single-use paper towelApply hand sanitizer