China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Synthesis and Characterization of Atomically Dispersed Metallic Materials
Published in Wei Yan, Xifei Li, Shuhui Sun, Xueliang Sun, Jiujun Zhang, Atomically Dispersed Metallic Materials for Electrochemical Energy Technologies, 2023
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a special modification derived from CVD with the distinct feature that film growth takes place in a cyclic manner.78 Generally, the principles for this approach include two critical processes (Figure 2.11a), those are, (i) the reaction of the metal precursor with the adsorbed oxygen on the surface of the substrate and (ii) an oxygen pulse to convert the precursor ligands to M–O species to form a new adsorbed oxygen layer on the M-substrate surface.1,75 Then this process could be repeated as many times as required to control the quantities of the M–O species on the substrate.78 To be specific, one recycle of ADL takes place with four main steps: Exposure of the first precursor, purge of the chamber, exposure of the second reactant and a further purge of the reaction chamber. During the cyclic pulse and purge process, the adsorbed ligands are calcinated under particular atmosphere to remove the adsorbed oxygen species and to anchor onto the substrate steadily. Therefore, ALD can precisely control the SAM structure since this method can finely regulate the target population of the single atom or nanocluster onto the substrates.1,75,76,79
Heart Rate as an Indication of the Psychophysiological Strain
Published in Gregory Z. Bedny, Inna S. Bedny, Applied and Systemic-Structural Activity Theory, 2019
For muscular work it is very important to identify what group of muscles are involved. It is known that with the same HR the absorption of oxygen is less when the working muscles' weight is greater. In general, the synergetic relationship of HR and oxygen consumption (or body energy) varies depending on the kind of workload involved: general or local, dynamic or static; using flexor or extensor muscles, upper or lower extremities. When the large muscles are in use, venous return increases, thereby increasing heart stroke volume and decreasing HR. This is also evident by the increase of “oxygen pulse” when large muscle ensembles are at work. For the static load, the extent of the muscle strain plays a much greater role than the weight of the strained muscles in acceleration of the HR (Thorevsky et al., 1986).
Modeling of Cometabolism for the in situ Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and Other Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Published in Subhas K. Sikdar, Robert L. Irvine, Fundamentals and Applications, 2017
Lewis Semprini, Roger L. Ely, Margaret M. Lang
Simulations were also performed using phenol as the electron donor to drive TCE cometabolism, based on the success of the previously discussed field studies (Hopkins et al., 1993; Hopkins and McCarty, 1995). In addition, phenol is readily soluble at the concentrations needed to stimulate active microbial populations so the phenol-oxygen systems avoid the competition for introduction of two gas phase substrates that limits the methane-oxygen system. Gas transfer efficiency still influences the system performance because the mass of oxygen transferred determines the mass of phenol that can be utilized to stimulate microbial growth and contaminant transformation. For the initial set of simulations, the oxygen pulse length was set at 1.5 times the phenol pulse length. Sensitivity to this pulse length is addressed at the end of this section.
Changes in submaximal and maximal measures of cardio-respiratory fitness resulting from 6-days of mountain walking
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Ramsbottom Roger, Rhodri Kinch, Martyn Morris, Peter Grebenik
Although there have been previous studies investigating the effects of mountain walking (e.g., Ainslie et al., 2002a, 2002b), none have been directly compared with the current study in terms of experimental design, exercise duration, or measures undertaken. For this reason, it is worth making a comparison with laboratory-based studies of similar or longer overall duration. The daily exercise duration in the current study ranged from 5 to 8 hours, notably longer than most laboratory-based interventions. However, the exercise intensity was distinctly lower than that seen in many studies at 52.2% and 46.3%VO2max for women and men, respectively. For example, there have been week-long training studies using cycle ergometry at a training intensity of 60–65%VO2max which have shown increases in VO2max of 3.0 (Putman et al., 1998) and 8.3% (Convertino, 1983) among healthy college-aged men. The former study reported a 3% incresae in VO2max similar to that found in the present study, respectively. A longer (6-week) endurance running intervention reported by Ramsbottom et al. (1989) resulted in an increase in VO2max of 8.3% for training compared with a control group. In a similarly designed study, Astorino et al. (2012) reported a 6.4 and a 5.9% increase in VO2max and oxygen pulse, respectively, with high-intensity interval training.
Elite status maintained: a 12-year physiological and performance follow-up of two Olympic champion rowers
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Rowing is a strength-endurance, whole-body activity that requires the activation of almost all muscles in the body (Secher, 2000). Aerobic endurance is particularly important for successful rowing, and it comes as no surprise that maximal oxygen uptake, expressed in l·min−1, often emerges as a strong correlate of rowing performance. For example, in a recent study (Ingham, Pringle, Hardman, Fudge, & Richmond, 2013), V̇O2max correlated strongly (r = 0.88 – 0.90) with 2000-m time trial on a rowing ergometer in a group of trained rowers. Given the importance of V̇O2max for success in competitive rowing, this physiological variable has traditionally been of great interest to rowing athletes, their coaches, and sports physiologists. The V̇O2max relies on arterial oxygen delivery or, more precisely, on maximal cardiac output (max) and arterial oxygen content (Bassett & Howley, 2000). Maximal cardiac output is classically defined as a product of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR). Heart rate can be measured directly using a heart rate monitor, while the oxygen pulse (i.e., the volume of oxygen consumed by the body per heartbeat) serves as an indirect indicator of stroke volume.