China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Biological Bases of Photoreception in the Process of Image Vision
Published in Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe, Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light, 2020
Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
The schematic organization of connections between cells in the retina involved in the visual pathway is well documented: photoreceptors transmit signals to the outer plexiform layer, forming synapses with bipolar and horizontal cells;horizontal cells transmit signals horizontally from the rods and cones to bipolar cells;bipolar cells transmit signals vertically from the rods, cones, and horizontal cells to the ganglion and amacrine cells;amacrine cells transmit signals directly from bipolar cells to ganglion cells, or horizontally from the axons of bipolar cells to dendrites of the ganglion cells or to other amacrine cells;ganglion cells transmit output signals from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain centers.
Level Set Methods in Segmentation of SDOCT Retinal Images
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Level Set Method in Medical Imaging Segmentation, 2019
N Padmasini, R Umamaheswari, Yacin Sikkandar Mohamed, Manavi D Sindal
As shown in Figure 5.2, the retina is a ten layered structure, viz., Nerve fiber layer (NFL), Ganglion cell layer (GCL), Inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), External limiting membrane (ELM), Ellipsoid zone (previously referred to as the IS/OS junction), Interdigitation zone, and Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Automatic detection of diabetic maculopathy from SDOCT retinal images is extremely important in analyzing the stage of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic maculopathy is the condition of fluid being accumulated in between the retinal layers. As shown in Figure 5.3, SDOCT images provide more details about the intraretinal fluid and subretinal fluid present in the macula scan images.
Impact of Retinal Stimulation on Neuromodulation
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
A large amount of retinal processing occurs at synaptic junctions. The outer plexiform layer of the retina is where electrical signals from the photoreceptors interact with bipolar cells. This outer layer includes dendrites from bipolar and horizontal cells as well as axons from photoreceptors. The inner nuclear layer contains the cell nuclei of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells. The inner plexiform layer contains axons of bipolar cells, many types of amacrine cells, and dendrites of ganglion cells (Roska et al. 2006). A web of filtered excitatory and inhibitory signals in the inner plexiform layer detects motion and suppresses eye movements (Baccus 2007). The combination of those signals affects judgments in space and time (Kim et al. 2014a, Robinson 2014) and results in the final exiting signal from the ganglion cell.
Annotated retinal optical coherence tomography images (AROI) database for joint retinal layer and fluid segmentation
Published in Automatika, 2021
Martina Melinščak, Marin Radmilović, Zoran Vatavuk, Sven Lončarić
To detect IRF, SRF, and PED, the knowledge of their location within or outside specific retinal layers can be used to facilitate their detection and differentiation. The retina is histologically divided into 10 layers: (1) internal limiting membrane (ILM), (2) retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), (3) ganglion cell layer (GCL), (4) inner plexiform layer (IPL), (5) inner nuclear layer (INL), (6) outer plexiform layer (OPL), (7) outer nuclear layer (ONL), (8) external or outer limiting membrane (ELM or OLM), (9) photoreceptor layer, and (10) retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch’s membrane complex (RPE/BM). The layers visible in the OCT scan have been correlated to these histological layers, with the exception of a few additional zones observed in the photoreceptor layer for which the exact histological counterpart is not yet defined [36].