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Effect of Process Parameters on Cutting Forces and Osteonecrosis for Orthopedic Bone Drilling Applications
Published in Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, J. Paulo Davim, Characterization, Testing, Measurement, and Metrology, 2020
Atul Babbar, Vivek Jain, Dheeraj Gupta, Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, Ankit Sharma
The group comprising a canal, surrounding lamellae, and intervening bone is termed as an osteon. The packed osteons become a proper bone having in-between space called interstitial lamellar bone. There is a junction between interstitial bone and osteons named as cement line, which is less than 1 µm in thickness. It is a layer which is highly mineralized and collagen-free. Due to the above feature, cortical bone has greater stiffness along with the strength in the horizontal axis of the cortical bone rather than perpendicular direction. Also, it is stronger in compression than in tension [12]. Cancellous bone (trabecular bone) is a network of rod-like structures, which is lighter and more flexible than compact bone. The vertebra, as well as the ends of the long bones, does contain femur, tibia, and radius. It has a lamellar structure same as the cortical bone, with lamellae running parallel to the trabeculae.
Emerging Nature-Based Materials and Their Use in New Products
Published in Graham A. Ormondroyd, Angela F. Morris, Designing with Natural Materials, 2018
An important feature of bone is the presence of the osteons, which in living tissue continually resorb and redeposit bone tissue, allowing remodelling in response to mechanical stress. The osteoclasts remove old material, while the osteoblasts deposit new tissue. While this process falls outside the scope of this chapter, it provides inspiration for self-healing in materials, and provides important additional insight into the ageing related changes in bone strength and toughness. The steady increase in the number of osteons and the alteration of mechanical properties of the collagen are increasingly recognised as contributing to altered toughness in bone with age (Nalla et al. 2006; Ritchie 2010).
Multiscale Analysis of Biomaterials
Published in Young W. Kwon, Multiphysics and Multiscale Modeling, 2015
Lamellar bone constitutes each concentric layer inside the osteon. As a result, each layer has unidirectional fibers. The Haversian canal is represented as unbound water [7]. Multiple Haversian systems are packed together inside cortical bone. Due to their circular shape, there are incomplete layers at the interface of each Haversian system where the boundaries intersect. These boundaries are defined by a cement line, which is an identifiable region where osteon the growth direction has transitioned. The properties of cement lines are similar to those of the surrounding bone, despite the misnomer cement [70].
An overview of translational research in bone graft biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vijay Shankar Kumawat, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
A detailed hierarchical structure of bone (as shown in Figure 1) has been segregated in 12-levels, beginning with whole bone (long, short, flat and irregular shaped) consisting of cortical and cancellous bone at the macroscopic level, followed by osteons, lamellae and collagen fibril bundle at microscopic level and stacks of mineral platelet into a needle-shaped nano-crystal and tropo-collagen triple helix at atomic level [47,52]. Cortical bones forms the outer shell of all bones containing less than 10% soft tissue, in which osteons (cylindrical units) are found that contains the central Haversian canal comprising blood vessels, nerves and resting osteoprogenitor cells which are further surrounded by connective regular layered tissues, named as bone lamellae [53]. Cancellous bones on the other hand are found in the inner part of bones with interconnected trabecular system, in which lamellae are disorganised. Hence, durability of cancellous bones is found to be lesser compared to cortical bones. Meanwhile, the morphology, composition and mechanical features of bones vary according to their anatomical location. Therefore, bone architecture is considered to be anisotropic and heterogeneous [54].
Simulation study on the effect of resistance exercise on the hydrodynamic microenvironment of osteocytes in microgravity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Hai-Ying Liu, Chao-Hui Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wei Wang, Qing-Jian Liu
Bone is typically comprised of dense bone, cancellous bone, and tissue fluid. The osteon is the basic structural and physiological unit of dense bone, and it also has the highest bone density in the human skeletal system (Liu et al. 2020; Larcher and Scheiner 2021). The central tubular area of the osteon is called the Haversian canal, which contains arterial and venous capillaries that permit the transport of nutrients and metabolic waste needed for cell metabolism. The multi-layer circumferential lamellae around the Haversian canal consist of a complicated lacunar-canalicular system (LCS). The osteocytes are located in bone lacunae, and the adjacent osteocytes form a complex spatial mechanical signal transduction network through synaptic connections in the canaliculi. The LCS is an important channel for material exchange between osteocytes and capillaries in the Haversian canal (Kwon et al. 2010). The deformation of the bone matrix under loading can induce liquid flow in the LCS, and the mechanical signals produced by the liquid flow are perceived and responded to by osteocytes, thus regulating the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to adjust bone mineral density to adapt to the current mechanical environment (Tovar et al. 2004).
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Compact bone can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones. It provides support and protection, surrounding a central (medullar) cavity which is filled with spongy bone (Granke 2015). The compact bone is composed of structural units called osteons, or Haversian systems. Osteons are composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae, surrounding a central canal, or Haversian canal, containing nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. These central canals communicate with each other through perforating canals, also known as Volkmann’s canals. Osteocytes are located inside spaces called lacunae, found at the borders of adjacent lamellae. Spongy bone has a higher metabolic activity compared to any other bone compartments (Gropp 2017).