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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
When you straighten your elbow, the olecranon process of the ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. With your elbow flexed (bent), you can feel the olecranon process, or olecranon, as the tip of your elbow. The olecranon is the landmark used to divide the upper arm and lower arm when drafting a fitted sleeve pattern. A fitted sleeve cannot be a simple cylinder. A dart in the back underarm seam is usually used to shape the sleeve contour, with the point of the dart directed to the olecranon. An elbow dart or darts “fit the natural bend in the arm and allow arm motion” (MacDonald, 2010, p. 39). Elbow pads for athletes or people at risk for falls can protect the olecranon but must allow elbow motion. Elbow pads may also be used to protect an inflamed bursa—a soft tissue swelling ranging in size from a golf ball to a softball—surrounding the olecranon. These pads should be comfortable and accommodate the swollen area.
Upper extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Ronald F. Zernicke, William C. Whiting, Sarah L. Manske
Elbow fractures: Elbow fractures can involve any bone within the elbow joint: humerus (supracondylar fracture), ulna (olecranon fracture), or radius (radial head fracture). Each of these fractures can result from a fall on an outstretched arm. The involvement of each bone depends on the nature, magnitude, location, and direction of the applied force. Supracondylar fractures are common in children around 12 years of age, frequently due to a fall from a bicycle. Olecranon fractures can also happen with direct impact to the posterior aspect of the elbow. Radial head fractures can occur with elbow dislocation, which results in a very unstable fracture.
Effect of the medial collateral ligament and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament injury on elbow stability: a finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Fang Wang, Shuoqi Jia, Mingxin Li, Kui Pan, Jianguo Zhang, Yubo Fan
The anatomical orientation and stress distribution of all ligaments in the intact state was shown in Figure 5. The aMCL and the pMCL originated at the anteroinferior medial epicondyle of humerus. The aMCL inserted in the anteromedial olecranon of ulna and the pMCL inserts in the posteromedial side of ulna olecranon. The tMCL originated and inserted on ulna (Figure 5A). The LUCL originated in the lateral epicondyle of humerus and inserted on posterolateral side of ulna (Figure 5B) (Karbach and Elfar 2017). The stress distribution of all ligaments in four injury conditions was shown in Figure 6. The stress distribution of ligaments both in intact state and injury conditions was similar. The stress of the aMCL and the pMCL mainly distributed at their initial position that was medial epicondyle of humerus during the flexion in all conditions (Figures 5C and 6). The aMCL was taut during the entire flexion and a slight bending deformation was occurred at 90°. However, other ligaments were taut without deformation. The stress of tMCL was mainly distributed at the origination and insertion points (Floris et al. 1998; Tarassoli et al. 2017). The stress of LUCL was distributed throughout the ligament, but the peak stress also located at the insertion that the attachment point on the ulna (Figure 7).
Do swimmers conform to criterion speed during pace-controlled swimming in a 25-m pool using a visual light pacer?
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Tomohiro Gonjo, Carla McCabe, Simon Coleman, Susana Soares, Ricardo J. Fernandes, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ross Sanders
Prior to testing, participants were marked on 19 anatomical landmarks using black oil and wax-based cream (Grimas Créme Make Up). The marked anatomical landmarks were: the vertex of the head, acromioclavicular joint, greater tubercle of the humerus (shoulder), olecranon process of ulna (elbow), wrist axis, 3rd distal phalanx (finger), greater trochanter (hip), patella axis (knee), lateral malleolus (ankle), 5th metatarsophalangeal joint, and 1st interphalangeal joint (toe). For the marking on the vertex of the head, a pre-marked white swim cap was used (McCabe & Sanders, 2012). Each participant was captured by digital cameras from front and side view simultaneously to obtain personalised body segment parameter (BSP) data of the participants using the elliptical zone method (Jensen, 1978).
A custom-made distal humerus plate fabricated by selective laser melting
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Thansita Thomrungpiyathan, Suriya Luenam, Boonrat Lohwongwatana, Winai Sirichativapee, Kriengkrai Nabudda, Chedtha Puncreobutr
In this study, left synthetic humerus bones (Sawbones, USA) were used instead of cadaveric bone to equalize bone material for comparison of plate’s stiffness. To create distal humerus fracture similarly to the previous section, transverse osteotomy was performed across the top of the olecranon fossa to remove a 6 mm bone piece in the transversal plane (Figure 3(a)). Preparation of custom-made distal humerus plates (customized single and double plates) was done by SLM fabrication, followed by heat treatment and surface finishing process (Meticuly, Thailand). The manufacturing of 3D-printed plates could take 3–5 days and the is around 1500 USD. Subsequently, fixations of manufactured titanium plates and commercial titanium screws were carried out in accordance with plating configuration illustrated in Figure 1(b). The completed fixation of custom-made plates on fractured synthetic humeri is shown in Figure 3(a). Prior to the test, each specimen was fixed to a material testing machine (ElectroPuls E10000, Instron, USA) by placing the proximal end of the humerus in a bespoke holding device and attaching the distal end to a custom-made epoxy resin mold (Figure 3(b)).