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Detection of P300 and Its Applications
Published in Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty, Brain Computer Interface, 2022
Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty
To generate the P300 ERP, three different types of paradigms are used: (1) single-stimulus, (2) oddball, and (3) three-stimulus paradigms. In each case, the subject is instructed to follow the occurrence of the target by pressing a button or mentally counting. Figure 8.2 presents these paradigms. The single-stimulus paradigm irregularly presents just one type of stimuli or target with zero occurrence of any other type of target. A typical oddball paradigm can be presented to the subject with a computer screen, a group of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or other medium to generate a sequence of events that can be categorized into two classes: frequently presented standard (non target or irrelevant) and rarely presented target stimuli. In an oddball paradigm, two events are presented with different probabilities in a random order, but only the irregular and rare event (the oddball event) embosses the P300 peak into the EEG about 300 ms after the stimulus onset. The three-stimulus paradigm is a modified oddball task that includes a non-target distracter (infrequent non-target) stimuli in addition to target and standard stimuli. The distractor elicits a P3a that is large over the frontal/central area. In contrast, a target elicits a P3b (P300), which is maximum over the parietal electrode sites. Though P3a and P3b are subcomponents of P300, P3a is dominant in the frontal/central lobe with a shorter latency.
Psychophysiological assessment of workload in multi-task environments
Published in Diane L. Damos, Multiple-task performance, 2020
Glenn F. Wilson, F. Thomas Eggemeier
Several studies have employed the transient evoked response to gain a measure of workload in either the flight simulation or inflight environments. Lindholm et al. (1984), for example, elicited EPs to auditory stimuli during simulated landings and attack segments in two studies. They reported greater N200 negativity and P300 amplitude decreases with increasing primary-task workload. Natani and Gomer (1981) used the oddball or rare event secondary-task paradigm (e.g., Gopher and Donchin, 1986) to elicit EPs while their subjects flew the part-task simulation referred to earlier. In the oddball paradigm, two stimuli that are easily discriminated and have different probabilities of occurrence, typically 80 per cent and 20 per cent, are individually presented to the subject. The subject is asked to respond to each occurrence of the low probability (rare) stimulus by pressing a button or keeping a mental count. Natani and Gomer found significant P300 area decrements and marginally significantly longer P300 latencies under the high workload conditions for the first but not the second replication of their task.
Brain–Computer Interfaces for Mediating Interaction in Virtual and Augmented Reality
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Josef Faller, Neil Weiss, Nicholas Waytowich, Paul Sajda
Reactive BCIs utilize brain signals that are elicited in response to external stimuli. In the oddball paradigm, for example, a set of stimuli (e.g., visual, auditory, or tactile) is presented and the user pays attention to one stimulus that occurs less frequently. In the EEG, this task causes a measurable positive deflection (P300) in evoked potentials (EP). This deflection can be measured and used for interaction through what is referred to as a P300-based BCI.
How User’s First Impression Forms on Mobile user Interface?: An ERPs Study
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Fu Guo, Xue-Shuang Wang, Hao Shao, Xiao-Rong Wang, Wei-Lin Liu
Participants were guided to seat in a comfortable chair in front of a computer screen in a dimly-lit and sound-attenuated room. The laboratory ensures that the experiment is not subject to the outside environment. The experimental stimuli displayed approximately 80 cm from the participants’ eyes with a visual angle of 10.5° horizontally and 7.5° vertically. The oddball paradigm was conducted as shown in Figure 2. According to Carretié, Hinojosa, Martín-Loeches, Mercado, and Tapia (2004), the passive oddball paradigm is widely used in the study of automatic attention, and it is the most outstanding experimental procedure. Specifically, the oddball paradigm exploits the capability of deviant stimulation to elicit the orienting response, and consists basically of repeatedly presenting one stimulus (standard stimulus or non-target stimulus), with a different stimulus (deviant stimulus or target stimulus) inserted in the sequence. In general, the target stimuli are less than 30%, and the non-target stimuli are more than 70%. Most scholars have used task-related oddball stimuli to elicit different ERPs components (Van Benthem, Cebulski, Herdman, & Keillor, 2018). This paradigm was mainly used to explore the visual esthetic process without any evaluation instructions (Ding et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2012).