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Dental Radiography
Published in Paolo Russo, Handbook of X-ray Imaging, 2017
The facial bones are also termed “viscerocranium” or “splanchnocranium.” Their counterpart is the neurocranium, which comprises those bones that essentially form the cranial cavity which contains the human brain. According to the most common definition, the facial bones (see Figure 22.4) consist of the following bones: MaxillaMandibleNasal bonesPalatine bonesLacrimal bonesVomerZygomatic bonesInferior nasal conchae
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
The head has two distinctive portions: The cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain which is named neurocranium and consists of eight bones. There are single ones, such as frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The paired bones are two temporal and two parietal bones. The splanchnocranium is the portion of the skull derived from the visceral part and has 14 bones. Here we describe only three of them. The vomer is a single bone, situated vertically at the back part of the nasal fossa, forming part of the nasal septum. The sphenoid bone is situated at the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other cranial bones and binding them strongly together. The ethmoid is a spongy bone, has a cubical form and is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium.
Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
The neurocranium encloses the brain, the 12 cranial nerves, and the vascular supply within the brain. Its primary function is to protect the brain and is composed by eight bones: the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, two parietal, the occipital and the temporal bones (Chu et al. 2014). The face skeleton is defined by 14 bones: two palatine bones, two lacrimal bones, the maxilla bones, the mandible, the vomer, the zygomatic, two inferior nasal turbinates, as well as two nasal bones (Gaihre et al. 2017; Kawecki et al. 2018).
Effects of different distractor positions on the formation of expansion, stress and displacement patterns in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion without pterygomaxillary disjunction: a finite element analysis study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Bone, which is a living tissue, is known for its flexibility and self-healing properties against loads. Therefore, the maximum stress value does not accumulate at a single point as in the analysis results. While the displacement and strain values measured in the craniofacial structures may be lower than in an actual clinical situation, the stress distribution values of the current study were compatible with those of similar studies (Hartono et al. 2018; Nowak et al. 2021). Therefore the studies using the FEA indicate the need for performing a full sagittal and transverse osteotomy of the maxilla, as in the present study, to minimize the risk of stresses in the facial skeleton and the neurocranium, as well as possible, uncontrolled fractures (Nowak et al. 2021). On the other hand; in the present study nonlinear methods, geometry (large deformations), contact (frictionless), and material (anisotropic) theories were considered. The solution was obtained by taking into account the anisotropic material property of the bone (Peterson et al. 2006). In order for FEA studies to be realistic, consistent and comparable, it is important to specify mesh convergence, number of elements and nodes, boundary conditions (contact types and applied forces between contacting surfaces) and material properties as in the present study (Bi 2018).