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Anatomical Terminology
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson, Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers, 2016
A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson
LandmarksOuter canthus of the eye: the point where the upper and lower eyelids meet laterally.Infra-orbital margin/point: the inferior rim of the orbit, with the point being located at its lowest point.Nasion: the articulation between the nasal and frontal bones.Glabella: a bony prominence found on the frontal bone immediately superior to the nasion.Vertex: the highest point of the skull in the median sagittal plane.External occipital protuberance (inion): a bony prominence found on the occipital bone, usually coincident with the median sagittal plane.External auditory meatus: the opening within the ear that leads into the external auditory canal.LinesInter-orbital (inter-pupillary) line: joins the centre of the two orbits or the centre of the two pupils when the eyes are looking straight forward.Infra-orbital line: joints the two infra-orbital points.Anthropological baseline: passes from the infra-orbital point to the upper border of the external auditory meatus (also known as the Frankfort line).Orbito-meatal baseline (radiographic baseline): extends from the outer canthus of the eye to the centre of the external auditory meatus. This line is angled approximately 10 degrees to the anthropological baseline.
Personalized 3D-printed frames to reduce leak from N95 filtering facepiece respirators: A prospective crossover trial in health care workers
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2023
Darius Chapman, Campbell Strong, Shahid Ullah, Lauren Richards, Anand N. Ganesan
There were more women (n = 46, 69.7%) in the study than men. Participants represented four ethnic groups: Anglo (n = 49, 74.2%), East Asian (n = 10, 15.2%), South Asian (n = 5, 7.6%), and African (n = 2, 3.0%). A diversity of employment roles was observed across the participants, with the majority being employed as primary care providers: nurses (n = 42, 63.6%), doctors (n = 18, 27.3%), allied health (n = 4, 6.1%), and administrators (n = 2, 3.0%). The morphological assessment found a mean Bizygomatic width of 132.27 mm (range: 128.1 mm, 136.4 mm) and a nasion-mention length of 116.6 (range: 113.9 mm, 119.4 mm) and showed that participants were represented in each group of the NIOSH Bivariate Panel; small (n = 29, 44.0%), medium (n = 31, 47.0%), large (n = 6, 9.1%) (Figure 2), where “small” face size was classified as those with face size in panels 1, 2, & 3 (and those smaller), “medium” those with face size in panels 4, 5, 6, & 7, and “large” face in panels 8, 9, & 10.
Eye-tracking of Facial Emotions in Relation to Self-criticism and Self-reassurance
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2019
Bronislava Strnádelová, Júlia Halamová, Martin Kanovský
Research identifying primary emotions suggests that the eyes and mouth are the two fundamental areas of the face that healthy people pay attention to when seeing and recognizing facial expressions (e.g., Henderson, Williams, and Falk 2005). By tracking eye movements in relation to the main regions of the human face, Schurgin et al. (2014) found that the eyes, upper nose, lower nose, upper lip, and nasion accounted for 88% of all fixations. Other regions accounted for less than 3% of fixations on the face. Wells, Gillespie, and Rotshtein (2016) emphasized that eye-region fixation is about three times greater than mouth fixation on emotional faces, and Schurgin et al. (2014) found that 35% of all fixations are accounted for by fixations on the eye area.
Finite element analysis of human skull bone adaptation to mechanical loading
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Jose Gonzalez, Somer Nacy, George Youssef
The results plotted in Figure 7 indicate that the normalized vector sum of the translation displacement components at the cephalometric landmarks is asymptomatically decreasing as the number of remodeling cycles increases. This signifies that the upper bound of the remodeling cycles used herein is adequate in representing the changes in the material properties since the displacement started to reach a steady-state value. However, it is essential to note that each cephalometric landmark has a distinct displacement response, which is justified since these sites are located at different distances from the load application nodes. Notably, the displacements of PR1 and PL1 are in good agreement since these cephalometric are symmetrically locating at the opposite sides of the maxilla. The variance between the PR1 and PLI displacement is, on average, 2%, which is attributed to the manual selection of the nodes representing the PR1 and PL1 locations during the data extraction process. On the other hand, the most remote cephalometric landmark is the upper incisor (UI), which is expected to yield the highest displacement. When comparing to the results of the previous studies (Moon et al. 2015), the load scenario Ant-MI-FM + 30 applies the largest displacement to features most distal to the from the skull, on the maxillary, specifically the upper incisor (U1), Concave point of the anterior maxilla (A), and the anterior nasal spine (ANS). Indeed, the graph in Figure 7 shows that regardless of remodeling cycles; these points experience the most displacement, agreeing with the previous study. After 50 cycles, U1 displacement is reduced by 72%, corresponding to the largest reduction in movement than the remaining cephalometric landmarks. The nasion (N), and compact point in nasal bone (Cn) locations exhibited the lowest displacement overall while reporting nearly the same values. The latter is associated with the proximity of these cephalometric landmarks to one another, while the former is attributed to their nearness to the boundary condition of the fixation area at the forehead, as discussed before.