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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for animals and sometimes humans, and are often used as recreational drugs due to their hallucinogenic properties, in addition to their unique effects at elevated dosages such as dissociation. When certain NMDA receptor antagonists are given to rodents in large doses, they can cause a form of brain damage called Olney's lesions. NMDA receptor antagonists that have been shown to induce Olney's lesions, include ketamine, phencyclidine, dextrophan (a metabolite of dextromethorphan), and MK-801, as well as some NDMA receptor antagonists used only in research environments. So far, the published research on Olney's lesions is inconclusive in its occurrence upon human or monkey brain tissues with respect to an increase in the presence of NMDA receptor antagonists.137
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Common NMDA receptor antagonists include amantadine,27 ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine (PCP), nitrous oxide, dextromethorphan and dextrorphan, memantine, ethanol, riluzole (used in ALS),28 xenon, HU-211 (also a cannabinoid), lead (Pb2+),29 conantokins, and huperzine A. Dual opioid and NMDA receptor antagonists include ketobemidone, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, tramadol, kratom alkaloids, and ibogaines.
Screening and Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Ranju Soni, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has shown good therapeutic efficacy in relieving peripheral pain. It acts by downregulating NMDA receptors by inhibiting glutamate release and repeated firing of peripheral afferent fibers responsible for nerve injury [40].
Ozone treatment process for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2019
N. Evelin Paucar, Ilho Kim, Hiroaki Tanaka, Chikashi Sato
Among the 37 PPCPs detected in the secondary effluent, the remaining 9 PPCPs are crotamiton, sulpiride, DEET, theophylline, furosemide, pirenzepine, ifenprodil, griseofulvin, and chloramphenicol, which belong to the anti-itch drug, anti-psychotic drug, insect repellent, bronchodilator, diuretic, peptic ulcer drug, NMDA receptor antagonist, antifungal drug, and antimicrobial drug, respectively. The concentrations of these PPCPs are presented in Figure 8. Furosemide was degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 1 mg L−1 (HRT = 5 min) indicating that furosemide is very susceptible to O3. On the other hand, DEET resisted to O3, as it was not degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 9 mg L−1 (HRT = 15 min), the largest dose applied in this study. Nonetheless, the concentration of DEET decreased by 70% (146.8–43.7 ng L−1), 92% (151.8–11.6 ng L−1), and 98% (135.6–2.8 ngL−1) at the ozone doses of 3 mg L−1, 6 mg L−1, and 9 mg L−1, respectively, in Run 3. The relatively low removal efficiencies (i.e., 40–60%) of DEET was reported by Sui et al. (2014). Other studies also showed low DEET removals efficiencies: that is, 30% (Yang et al. 2011) and 41% (Nakada et al. 2007) in WWTPs. Pirenzepine, crotamiton, sulpiride, and ifenprodil appear to fall in the groups between “sensitive” and “insensitive” to O3. Pirenzepine and crotamiton were degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 3 mg L−1 (HRT = 5 min) or the ozone dose of 4 mg L−1 (HRT = 10 min) to be degraded (≤LOD