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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The adrenal glands have a central medulla and peripheral cortex, which have different functions. The medulla produces the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system, in order to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response. The outer cortex produces steroid hormones of which there are two classes: the corticosteroids control a range of body functions including the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein, response to stress, immune response and homeostasis (maintenance of internal chemical environment); the mineralocorticoids (principally aldosterone) are essential for control of serum sodium and potassium levels and are a key part of the hormonal mechanism controlling blood pressure. The adrenal glands also produce small amounts of male and female sex hormones, but their contribution is minor compared to that of the ovaries and testes.
Thin-Layer Chromatography in Clinical Chemistry
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Steroid hormones are secreted by the adernal cortex, ovary, testis, corpus luteum, and placenta. They are derivatives of tetracyclic hydrocarbons and are based on the cyclopenta-[a]-phenanthrene skeleton. The steroid hormones are defined by their physiological functions. The main classes of steroid hormones include androgens, testrogens, progestogens, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, and vitamin D. The estrogens and androgens are female and male sex hormones. The progestogens are involved in the preparation and maintenance of pregnancy. The glucocorticoids have a distinct effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids causes Cushing’s syndrome, and deficiency causes Addison’s disease. They also have remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action. Mineral corticoids promote the retention of Na+ and the loss of K+ by the kidneys. Through this action, mineralocorticoids maintain water and salt balance in the body. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of calcium transport.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
It has also been established that hexachlorobenzene can disrupt the functioning of corticoid hormone in Wistar rats [Lauretta et al. 2019]. Cortisol deficiency resulting from adrenal insufficiency causes weakness, fatigue, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hypoglycemia. Mineralocorticoid deficiency causes loss of sodium by the kidneys and potassium retention, which can lead to severe dehydration, hypotension, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and acidosis [Greenspan and Gardner 2004].
HOPE for a better selection of patients for cardiac contractility modulation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Daniele Masarone, Ishu Rao, Giuseppe Pacileo
The HOPE algorithm’s second component verifies if the patient is on Optimal Medical Treatment (OMT). Robust evidence from well-conducted randomized clinical trials has documented that target doses of disease-modifier drugs (β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors) reduce HF-related mortality and HF-related hospitalizations, as well as improve functional capacity, symptoms, and quality of life. Therefore, in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF, CCM therapy should be considered, as an add-on therapy, after 3 months of optimizing disease-modifier drug therapy [14]. Of course, previous (or simultaneous) implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator should be considered in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of <35%.
Salivary aldosterone and cortisone respond differently to high- and low-psychologically stressful soccer competitions
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Timothy S. McHale, Wai-Chi Chee, Carolyn R. Hodges-Simeon, David T. Zava, Graham Albert, Ka-Chun Chan, Peter B. Gray
The adrenal gland produces hormones that regulate a number of important biological functions (Caretto et al., 2019; Silverman & Sternberg, 2012). Participation in sports and other forms of competition modulate these hormones, making activities like these a useful experimental paradigm to model the effect of physical and social challenges on adrenal activity (Flinn et al., 2012; Gatti & De Palo, 2011; Geniole et al., 2017). Cortisol is one adrenal biomarker that has been studied extensively as an indicator of psychosocial (e.g., Jezova et al., 2016; Korte, 2001; Liu et al., 2017) and physical stress in athletic competition (Casto & Prasad, 2017; Edwards et al., 2006) and in strenuous exercise (Anderson & Wideman, 2017; Thomas et al., 2009). Additionally, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity is linked with competition outcome. Specifically, cortisol increases following defeat (e.g., Aguilar et al., 2013; Casto et al., 2014). However, research suggests that additional adrenal hormones may also play an important role in regulating a competitor’s psychology, physiology, and behaviour within sports competitions (McHale et al., 2018, 2016). Aldosterone and cortisone are two hormones released from the adrenal cortex in response to HPA axis activation (Bollag, 2014; Del Corral et al., 2016; Zorbas et al., 2001), yet received far less attention in the stress literature. These hormones play an important and underappreciated role in the stress response system due to their high affinity for adrenal glucocorticoids, like cortisone, and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone in the brain through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (Funder, 2009; for review see Kubzansky & Adler, 2010).
Endocrine disrupting toxicity of aryl organophosphate esters and mode of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Wenxin Hu, Peng Gao, Lei Wang, Jianying Hu
Besides disrupting the production of cortisol and aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activities of TPHP and TCrP have also been investigated by luciferase reporter assay in the CHO-K1 cell line. The results showed that TPHP elicited GR-antagonistic activity with an IC50 value of 2.6 μM and MR antagonists activity with an IC50 value of 0.79 μM, TCrP elicited GR-antagonistic activity with an IC50 of 1.2 μM and MR-antagonistic activity with an IC50 of 0.95 μM (Zhang et al., 2017).