China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biomedical Applications V: Influence of Carbon Nanotubes in Neuronal Living Networks
Published in Giorgia Pastorin, carbon nanotubes, 2019
Electrical stimulation of neuronal cells is widely employed in basic neuroscience research, in neural prostheses33 and in clinical therapy (e.g., treatment of Parkinson's disease, dystonia and chronic pain).34 These applications require an implanted microelectrode array (MEA) with the capacity to stimulate neurons. Neuroprosthetic devices currently face various issues, including (i) long-term inflammatory response of the neuronal tissues, resulting in neuron depletion around the electrodes and their replacement with reactive astrocytes that prevent signal transduction; (ii) delamination and degradation of thin metal electrodes; (iii) miniaturisation of the electrodes and (iv) mechanical compliance with neuronal tissues for long-term performance. Currently, semiconductor devices can only partially solve some of these problems. Nevertheless, CNTs are excellent candidates for MEA applications because of their unique set of properties which offer the possibility of constructing small electrodes with high current density.
Substrate Technology
Published in Yufeng Jin, Zhiping Wang, Jing Chen, Introduction to Microsystem Packaging Technology, 2017
Yufeng Jin, Zhiping Wang, Jing Chen
A flexible substrate, such as flexible printed circuit board (fPCB), has an important role in electronic product miniaturization, since their reduced thickness allows them to bend and adapt to various shapes. For example, it has been applied in connecting two rigid substrates or functional modules of consumer handheld devices, mobile devices, and pocket electronic devices. Most flexible substrates are polyimide parylene, Poly Dimethgl Siloxane materials (PDMS), which allow for high-density via traces and tight ball pitches and are thermally advantageous. As one of the most stable organic polymers, polyimide has electric properties the following favorable of a high breakdown voltage over 1 MV/cm and a low relative dielectric constant below 3. In addition, it can be used for Foine-Pitch BGA (FBGA) interposers that closely match the die size in potable electronics. Here is an example of a parylene flexible substrate with microelectrode array for biomicrosystem application.[43]
Microsupercapacitors
Published in Ling Bing Kong, Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors, 2017
Ling Bing Kong, Wenxiu Que, Lang Liu, Freddy Yin Chiang Boey, Zhichuan J. Xu, Kun Zhou, Sean Li, Tianshu Zhang, Chuanhu Wang
PPy was electrochemically synthesized on the gold microelectrode arrays. A three-electrode set-up was used, with the gold microelectrode array as the working electrode and a platinum plate as the counter electrode. Either Ag|AgCl (saturated KCl) or Ag|0.1 M AgNO3(Ag|Ag+) was used as the reference electrode, depending on the electrolyte medium. PPy was electrosynthesized on the Au microelectrode arrays at 0.65 V vs. Ag|AgCl in a 0.1 M pyrrole aqueous solution, with 0.1 M H3PO4 (85%) as the supporting electrolyte at 25°C or at 0.55 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in 0.1 M pyrrole–propylene carbonate solution with 0.2 M lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) as the supporting electrolyte at 25°C, until desired charges were reached. 2 vol% water was added into the PC solution to promote the electrosynthesis of PPy. Two polymer electrolytes, (i) aqueous-based PVA–H3PO4–H2O gel and (ii) non-aqueous-based PAN/LiCF3SO3-EC/PC gel, were used for electrochemical characterization of the microsupercapacitors.
Application of resistivity in the characterization of shear failure process of gas bearing marine silt
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2022
Jingxin Wu, Le Yu, Xiujun Guo, Yongqing Xie, Zhijie Ma
For two reasons, a microelectrode array was not used for the resistivity measurements. The soil sample was saturated with seawater and had a strong polarization effect on the electrode. The larger electrode area of the two electrode method can reduce the influence of the electrode polarization effect on the resistivity results. In addition, the scale of the microresistivity array measurement results is small, which can characterize the microanisotropy of the soil sample resistivity well, but does not easily provide interpretation reference for in-situ resistivity measurement data (Falcon-Suarez et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2020). For both the cable-type and probe-type resistivity methods (Ishizu et al. 2019; Rosenberger et al. 1999; Wu et al. 2020), the monitoring results are the change in the apparent resistivity in a certain area, and the change volume resistivity is consistent with the overall resistivity change of the soil samples measured using the two electrode method.
21-Day dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils: effects on esterase activities in brain and liver tissues, blood, plasma, and clinical chemistry parameters for Sprague Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Isaie Sibomana, Joyce G. Rohan, David R. Mattie
All electrophysiology data were obtained using AlphaMed’s MED64 Quad II systems (Automate, Berkeley, CA). Probes containing 16 microelectrodes arranged in a 4 × 4 planar array were initially pretreated with 0.1% polyethylenimine (PEI) in 25-mM borate buffer for at least 24 hr prior to use. A hippocampal slice was placed onto the pre-coated microelectrode array and positioned such that the neurons from the CA1 region were recorded. A perfusion cap was employed to circulate fresh oxygenated warmed ACSF into the probe and prevent the slice from drying. The flask containing the ACSF solution was kept in a 37°C water bath. Flow rates of ACSF were adjusted such that the brain slice was constantly maintained in a liquid-air interphase. Typical flow rates range between 0.5 and 1 ml/min. In order to deliver warmed, humidified oxygen to the brain slice, a line carrying 95% O2 and 5% CO2 was passed through a heated water-containing flask before entering the MED64 probe.
Design Automation and Testing of MEDA-Based Digital Microfluidic Biochips: A Brief Survey
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
Pampa Howladar, Pranab Roy, Hafizur Rahaman
The conventional testing method applied for DMFBs as stated in [35–46], cannot be always adopted for MEDA-based design. For microelectrodes size of each microelectrode is nearly one-tenth of the regular electrodes. Accordingly, the behaviour and fault pattern changes considerably for these microelectrode dot arrays. The work in [26] proposes an oscillation-based testing model and presents the fault model compatible with this new advanced technology which is related to single microelectrode as well as multiple microelectrodes. MEDA-based microelectrode array uses this model for off-line testing to test the catastrophic fault of the system. This proposed model based on the principle of change in frequency of the oscillator means this model can measure the frequency of the droplet in faulty case and fault free in terms of capacitance variations.