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Minimally Invasive Microneedle Sensors Developments in Wearable Healthcare Devices
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Akshay Krishnakumar, Ganesh Kumar Mani, Raghavv Raghavender Suresh, Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy, Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya, John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
The living system, at every organizational level from organs to individual cells, may be effectively analyzed as a control system, where input received by a receptor is monitored by a control center, which via efficient feedback mechanisms control the response of effectors and facilitates homeostatic balance. Physiological variables associated with these processes are body temperature, arterial blood pressure, blood pH, fluidic balance, blood oxygen content, neurotransmission characteristics, and heart rate. It must be noted that physiological and biochemical parameters are interdependent, and hence an inextricable association lies between them, and subsequently, the effect of changes in one is manifested in the other. Thus, a significant deviation from steady-state values of the physiological variables may also trigger changes to biochemical counterparts, and these variations act as an indicator of dysfunction associated with organs, and hence sensors that facilitate continuous monitoring of these parameters have garnered attention. On the other hand, monitoring functions of organs in a living system may also be cloistered within the domain of physiological monitoring. Analysis of a complex system such as the entire human body may become more intuitive and easier via deciphering changes in a sub-system, i.e., at an organ level, and thus works on physiological monitoring of sub-systems such as respiratory, auditory,and urinary systems to name a few are being increasingly pursued. Some of the pertinent works are included in this subsection.
The System Property of Transformation in TPS
Published in Marksberry Phillip, The Modern Theory of the Toyota Production System, 2012
A theory that describes the types of processes used in the conversion process is living systems theory (LST). For any living system to survive, it must carry out several essential subsystem processes. A sample of those subsystem processes is shown in Table 8.1 and illustrated in Figure 8.2. Without these processes, a system cannot engage in its primary function, which in all systems is its own replication (Maturana and Varela, 1972). A system’s first function is to stay alive. Regardless of a system’s secondary function, without this first attribute a system would not exist. Conversion processes help systems to maintain their own metabolic processing regardless of environmental challenges. The metabolism of matter and energy is the energetics of living systems and is what gives systems life (Miller, 1978).
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
Enzymes are one of the essential components of all living systems. These macromolecules have a key role in catalyzing the chemical transformations that occur in all cell metabolism. The nature and specificity of their catalytic activity is primarily due to the three-dimensional structure of the folded protein, which is determined by the sequence of the amino acids that make up the enzyme. The activity of globular proteins may be regulated by one or more small molecules, which cause small conformational changes in the protein structure. Catalytic activity may depend on the action of these non-protein components (known as cofactors) associated with the protein. If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is referred to as a coenzyme. The catalytically inactive enzyme (without cofactor) is termed an apoenzyme; when coenzyme or metal ion is added, the active enzyme is then termed a holoenzyme. Many cofactors are tightly bound to the enzyme and cannot be easily removed; they are then referred to as prosthetic groups.
Docking assisted DNA-binding, biological screening, and nuclease activity of copper complexes derived from sulfonamides
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Arusa Akhtar, Muhammad Danish, Awais Asif, Muhammad Nadeem Arshad, Abdullah M. Asiri
Sulfa drugs have been used against many life-threatening microorganisms, such as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [33]. They inhibited the synthesis of folate by binding with specific enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). Due to this mechanism, cell division is eventually stopped, and it depends on the concentration of sulfonamides varying between few milligrams to 100 mg [34]. Eldesouky et al. proved that these antibacterial sulfonamides also act as antifungal compounds by inhibited fungal folate pathway [35]. Fungal species are responsible for Mycoses infection that may vary from superficial mycoses to muscles, internal system infections. Under specific conditions, some fungal infections can be lethal, such as histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, and coccidioidomycosis [36]. Also, Cu(II) complexes of sulfonamides are investigated as antioxidants, which are capable of scavenging free radicals through a variety of mechanisms and maintain biological cellular components, such as proteins and DNA [37]. Cu(II) complexes of sulfonamides have also shown tremendous enzyme inhibition activities [38]. Enzymes are naturally occurring biomolecules that act as a catalyst to regulate the metabolic activity in the living system. Any disorder in these activities causes serious diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, joints associated diseases, tumor growth, and lung diseases [39]. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes metabolically deteriorate the acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors [40]. So, AChE inhibitors are administered to increase the level of acetylcholine that reduces the chances of Alzheimer’s disease [41–45]. Keeping in view the importance of sulfonamides, in this study, we have synthesized a series of copper complexes bearing sulfonamide moiety. Further, the structural and biological analysis of these compounds has been elaborated by different experimental and theoretical methods.