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Carbon Nanotubes For Biomedical Applications
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Iuliana Stoica, A.K. Haghi, Carbon Nanotubes for a Green Environment, 2022
Antitumor immunotherapy is almost ineffective. Pantarotto et al.41 have observed that viral peptides bound to CNTs hasten the antipeptide immunity. Meng et al. further study to enhance immunotherapy. Tumor lysate protein, easily synthesized from various solid tumors, is bonded to MWCNTs and subsequently used as a tumor-cell vaccine in a rat model having the H22 liver cancer, reflecting upon the cure rate and cellular anti-tumor immunity.42 Phospholipid–PG chains bonded to a residue of folic acid were connected with the help of hydrophobic forces to CNTs. The folate, if present, make an uptake of the chelate selectively into cells over-expressing folate receptors, which takes place in cancer cells. The action is selective due to the uptake of CNTs in cells is responsible for increasing the temperature, leading to thermal ablation on irradiation. CNTs carrying two specific monoclonal antibodies (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, IGF1R and human endothelial receptor 2, HER2), synthesized using supramolecular approach on using functionalized pyrene units, are used to destroy breast cancer cells with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation.43 The major problem of NIR application is its weak tissue penetration ability, allowing for the treatment superficially of selective cancer lesions. Radio-frequency (RF) waves, on the other hand, have better penetration capacity, and their interaction with internalized CNTs generates a rise in cells temperature, causing cell death. Gannon et al. prescribed the application of RF waves but demands the direct administration of SWCNT laced with polyphenylene–ethynylene polymeric chain molecules into the tumor.44
Imaging of Intracellular Targets
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Tian et al. used bispecific peptide conjugates that linked peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) directed against CCND1, myc, or K-RAS mRNA to d(CSKC)c (CSKC stands for Cys-Ser-Lys-Cys), a circular peptide that binds to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). The d(CSKC)c peptide binds to IGF-1R, overexpressed in breast cancer tumors. Following the internalization of the peptide–receptor complex, the PNAs will bind their respective mRNAs, and the imaging label (in this case Copper-64 for PET) will allow external imaging of the expression of these genes (Tian et al. 2005).
The interplay between DNA methylation and cardiac autonomic system functioning: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Nayara Cristina Dos Santos Oliveira, Fernanda Serpeloni, Simone Gonçalves de Assis
The genome-wide DNAm studies found different CpGs associated with physiological responses: four CpG sites in SLC9B1 (solute carrier family 9, subfamily B, member B1) were reported in fetal intolerance of labor (Knight et al. 2018), and one CpG in GPR133 (adhesion g protein-coupled receptor d1) during welding work (Zhang et al. 2017). In maternal separation stress, the DMR analysis revealed insulin receptor-related gene, Insr (insulin receptor), two molecules downstream of insulin receptor signaling, Map3k5 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5) and Igf1r (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor), and Grik4 (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4) (McCoy et al. 2016). 93 CpG sites, including nine sites located within the DLX5 (distal-less homeobox 5), and two sites in IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) were reported in temperament and behavioral response-associated differences (Goodman et al. 2019). PHGDH (Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase) and SLC7A11 (Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11) were reported under mental stress during growth and aging (Syme et al. 2019).
Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jiezhang Mo, Doris Wai-Ting Au, Jiahua Guo, Christoph Winkler, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, Frauke Seemann
MiR-29 promotes OC commitment by targeting nuclear factor I/A (NFIA), G protein–coupled receptor 85 (GPR85), and the cluster of differentiation 93 (CD93) (Franceschetti et al., 2013). MiR-106b and miR-338 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANKL (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang, Geng et al., 2016), while miR-34c promotes OC differentiation by targeting leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), which can compete for RANKL (Cong et al., 2017). MiR-144 and miR-503 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANK (Chen et al., 2014; Wang, He, et al., 2018), whereas miR-145 promotes OC differentiation by targeting OPG (Chen et al., 2018). The upregulation of miR-148a supports OC differentiation by targeting V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) to activate NFATc1 expression (Cheng et al., 2013). OC differentiation is promoted by NF-κB activation via the downregulation of miR-145 and miR-99b, which stimulates the upregulation of their targets, SMAD3 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFLR) (de la Rica et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2018).
Implications of estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) with the intersection of organophosphate flame retardants and diet-induced obesity in adult mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Gwyndolin M. Vail, Sabrina N. Walley, Ali Yasrebi, Angela Maeng, Thomas J. Degroat, Kristie M. Conde, Troy A. Roepke
ERα is involved in many homeostatic pathways, one of which is the maintenance of energy homeostasis (Mauvais-Jarvis, Clegg, and Hevener 2013). ERα and its endogenous ligand 17β-estradiol initiate an overall “catabolic” effect, decreasing energy intake and increasing its expenditure (Mauvais-Jarvis, Clegg, and Hevener 2013). Disruption of estrogenic regulation of energy balance might result in metabolic syndrome and its symptomatic sequelae obesity, hypertension, inflammation and pre-diabetes (Dabass et al. 2018; Hevener, Clegg, and Mauvais-Jarvis 2015; Kobos et al. 2020). ERα is densely present within adipose tissue, where it acts to regulate fat distribution and storage (Rettberg, Yao, and Brinton 2014). Menopause and the resulting decline in circulating E2 is associated with increased bodyweight gain, altered leptin and adiponectin levels, and elevated risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes development (Rettberg, Yao, and Brinton 2014). The integrated crosstalk between ERα and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1 R) has been extensively studied and indicates the role of E2 in insulin signaling (Garcia-Segura, Arevalo, and Azcoitia 2010; Kahlert et al. 2000; Mendez and Garcia-Segura 2006; Shen, Senthil Kumar, and Shi 2014; Song et al. 2004). Further, ERα knockout (ERαKO) mice exhibit insulin insensitivity and severe intra-abdominal obesity (Heine et al. 2000), the influence of which was potentiated by a high-fat diet (Ribas et al. 2010). ERα is also expressed within the brain, and particularly concentrated in the arcuate (ARC) nucleus of the hypothalamus (Shughrue, Lane, and Merchenthaler 1997). The ARC contains neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, both of which are integral in central regulation of feeding behavior and are regulated by E2 actions through multiple types of estrogen receptors (Acosta-Martinez, Horton, and Levine 2007; de Souza et al. 2011; Saito et al. 2016; Stincic, Rønnekleiv, and Kelly 2018).