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Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Anatomical features of bones that may be recognized on radiographs are listed below. These include elevations and projections that provide attachments for tendons and ligaments and various holes and depressions (Figs 8.1 and 8.2): Head: expanded proximal end of a long bone, e.g. humerus, radius and femurArticular surface: synovial articulation with other bone(s); smooth bone surface covered with hyaline cartilageFacet: flat articular surface, e.g. zygoapophyseal joints between vertebral bodies, commonly (though strictly speaking incorrectly) referred to as ‘facet joints’Condyle: rounded articular surface, e.g. medial and lateral femoral condylesEpicondyle: projection close to a condyle providing attachment sites for the collateral ligaments of the joint, e.g. humeral and femoral epicondylesProcess: large projection, e.g. coracoid process of the scapulaTuberosity: rounded projection, e.g. lesser and greater tuberosities of the humerusTrochanter: rounded projection, e.g. greater and lesser trochanters of the femurForamen: hole in a bone that usually transmits nerve and/or blood vessels, e.g. foramen ovale in the skull baseCanal: long foramen, e.g. infraorbital canalSulcus: long depression, e.g. humeral bicipital sulcus between lesser and greater tuberositiesFossa: wider depression, e.g. acetabular fossa.
New information on the giant Devonian lobe-finned fish Edenopteron from the New South Wales south coast
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2020
G. C. Young, R. L. Dunstone, P. J. Ollerenshaw, J. Lu, B. Crook
V3481a is split within the bone, revealing features of the internal sensory canal system unknown in the Edenopteron type material (where the bone was prepared away to clearly expose bone sutures). An elongate channel of dark matrix runs forward from the intertemporal ossification centre, evidently the infraorbital sensory canal (ioc, Figure 6b). The junction with the supraorbital canal is not exposed. The transverse matrix-filled section of the infraorbital canal turns forward into the parietal bone as the supraorbital canal (soc). At the parietal ossification centre are ramifying matrix-filled sensory tubules (s.tub). These features closely resemble a skull specimen of Eusthenopteron in which the superficial bone layer was prepared away to reveal the sensory canal system (Jarvik, 1944b, figure 4). In V3481a, the tubules are visible only on the lateral side of the ossification centre, whereas in Eusthenopteron the tubules to sensory pores are much more extensive on the mesial side (Jarvik, 1944b, figures 4 and 17). We cannot tell in V3481a if this is a real difference, or whether the mesial tubules are hidden within the bone.