China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Thermal Imaging for Arthritis Evaluation in a Small Animal Model
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
After FCA was injected into the left hind paws hypodermically, the right (uninjected) hind paws of AIA rats swelled for five days and then developed progressively. On day 16, the edematous response reached its peak. Normal rats, on the other hand, had very little edema and their right hind paw volume rose very little. Adjuvant-induced arthritic rats acquired much less weight than control rats. Following FCA injection, individual AIA rats gained a mean of 6 g over 10 days, with little change in body weight between days 10 and 14; it continued to grow in the next 14 days. During the first 10 days, control rats attained a weight gain of 51 g. Inspite of decreased weight gain in control rats from day 10 to day 18, the weight of control rats is significantly higher than the AIA rats. The animals’ soft tissue (p < 0.01), bone detail (p < 0.01), and lesions (p < 0.001) were found to be significantly different between the X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) and the other two modalities, although there was no notable variance between absorption-contrast imaging and traditional soft X-ray radiography. With the scoring system, interobserver agreement was good (K = 0.618). On the tenth day after receiving a hypodermic injection of FCA, no bone alterations in the right hind paw’s metatarsophalangeal joint were observed, although soft tissue edema was noticeable. By day 12, the reticular facet had a few cyst-like bone erosions with a diameter of about 0.2 mm. Bone erosions 0.1–0.2 mm wide were found in the area vicinity to the articular facet. Osteoporosis was discovered, and the soft tissue enlargement around it became damaged. By day 14, XPCI revealed that the bone erosions had increased, especially in the edge area of the subarticular facet. On day 16, there was no significant change in the bone erosions, and found to be in the same condition as in day-14 pictures; the joint space appeared to be broader than normal, and soft tissue edema was noticeable. On the 18th day, periosteal new bone growth was visible along the paracortex. Also, it appears as diminished bone degradation in the articular facet and the space; visible hyperostosis and reduced soft tissue inflammation were observed. All of these changes were visible on XPCI, but cartilage and synovium were not. The images of the rat hind paws on traditional X-ray depicted cortical bone, joint space, and medullary chamber of bone. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption-contrast imaging was clear compared to the traditional X-ray. In these two imaging modalities, however, we’re unable to discern between the bone alterations and enlargement of surrounding soft tissue that was visible in XPCI. The AIA rats’ synovial tissue grew, containing a high amount of fibroblasts and hyperplastic lining cells. Inflammatory synovial tissue generated new blood vessels in the meanwhile. Synovial cells showed fatty alterations as well. Following matrix deterioration, new blood vessels developed around the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, were eliminated. In four of the six rats studied, periosteal new bone growth was discovered.
Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jiezhang Mo, Doris Wai-Ting Au, Jiahua Guo, Christoph Winkler, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, Frauke Seemann
The alteration of DNA methylation patterns is involved in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. For example, the expression of key bone metabolism genes (such as runx2, osteocalcin, and rankl) is under the control of DNA methylation on the CpG islands of their promoter regions (Delgado-Calle et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2007). The hypermethylation of SOST (Wnt pathway gene) is linked to a reduction in serum sclerostin concentration in osteoporotic patients (Reppe et al., 2015). Notably, the hypomethylation of ror2 and wnt5a in MSCs is associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (Chiba et al., 2015; Tarfiei et al., 2011).
Accurate simulation of the herniated cervical intervertebral disc using controllable expansion: a finite element study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Dong Liang, Guan-Jun Tu, Ya-Xin Han, Da-Wei Guo
Due to the above features, the controllable expansion method is capable to simulate the geometry of herniated disc precisely and can be easily modified by changing parameters, which is also potential for mimicking bone tumor growth, modifying 3D print model (Somovilla-Gómez et al. 2020) or simulating degenerative changes such as hyperostosis or ligament hypertrophy.