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Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Coronaviruses were surrounded by positive RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) which range from 60 nm to 140 nm of diameter. There are four types of coronaviruses: HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1); NL63; 229E; and OC43, all of which are circulated in humans. HKU1 is a species of coronaviruses in humans which is a novel representative of group II (beta) from an adult, NL63 is a novel representative of a group I (alpha) from a child with bronchiolitis, 229E and OC43 are representative of group I (alpha) and II (beta) viruses, which are common cold viruses (Pyrc et al., 2007). The Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‐OC43) causes problems in respiratory systems. Initially, the coronavirus β genera originated from bats and traversed to humans via intermediate hosts of civet cats in China. These viruses are designated as SARS-CoV-2. During 2012, the MERS-CoV has emerged from bats and dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. This has developed into a new public health disease. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 is MERS-CoV (Singhal, 2020).
Impact of sampling and storage stress on the recovery of airborne SARS-CoV-2 virus surrogate captured by filtration
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Nirmala T. Myers, Taewon T. Han, Mei-Ling Li, Gary Brewer, Martin Harper, Gediminas Mainelis
Ideally, examining any technique targeting airborne SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted using this particular virus, but that is not feasible in many cases since it requires proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as powered air-purifying respirators and specialized facilities, e.g., biosafety level 3 equipped with negative pressure (BSL-3). Therefore, this study used the human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43; BSL-2), an example of a non-severe coronavirus strain that causes the common cold (Jean et al. 2013), as a simulant of SARS-CoV-2 (BSL-3). Both HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 are enveloped betacoronaviruses with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) (Vijgen et al. 2005), making HCoV-OC43 a suitable surrogate for studies targeting SARS-CoV-2. Other recent studies have also used HCoV-OC43 as a model to facilitate our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2, though they did not involve aerosolization. Uppal et al. (2021) utilized HCoV-OC43 for testing the inactivation of human coronavirus on PPE and surfaces by a disinfection device. A low-cost method to titrate human coronavirus was developed by Bracci et al. (2020) by utilizing both HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E. To our knowledge, the HCoV-OC43 aerosol has not been previously reported in air sampling and validation studies.