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PROTECTING THE OFFICE BUILDING FROM NBCs
Published in Charles D. Reese, Office Building Safety and Health, 2004
There are two viral agents that are considered to be prime substances to be used in a biological attack: viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) and smallpox. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of viruses that cause uncontrollable external and internal bleeding. Some of the more widely know VHFs are ebola virus, hantavirus, yellow fever, and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Depending on the extent of the infection and the virus responsible, the mortality rate can be as high as 90%. As has been seen recently in some third world countries, ebola is very contagious, has a rapid onset of symptoms and a very high mortality rate. While it is felt that terrorists would most likely use only threats and hoaxes about these viruses to cause panic, it is possible that they could obtain the viruses and use them as weapons.
Nanoemulsions: Status in Antimicrobial Therapy
Published in Adwitiya Sinha, Megha Rathi, Smart Healthcare Systems, 2019
Atinderpal Kaur, Rakhi Bansal, Sonal Gupta, Reema Gabrani, Shweta Dang
Ebola virus is an extremely stable biological agent, sterilization of which with multiple methods has proven to be unsuccessful. It causes a highly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic fever. Chepurnov et al. (2003) evaluated the antibacterial activity of surfactant NE on two strains of ebola virus EBO (strain Zaire) obtained from Vero cell culture fluid (EBO-zc) and from blood of infected monkeys (EBO-zb). After 20 min of exposure, 10% NE completely inactivated both EBO-zb and EBO-zc. One percent NE was inactive against EBO-zc, whereas in the case of EBO-zb, 96% inactivation was achieved after 24 h. A complete eradication from the surface was seen when studied on glass, metal, and plastic surfaces.
MOF-based Electrochemical Sensors for DNA/RNA/ATP
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tahir Rasheed, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Bilal, Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring, 2022
Saadat Majeed, Muhammad Umer Farooq, Sayed Tayyab Raza Naqvi, Batool Fatima, Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq, Sabahat Majeed, Fahad Ali, Naeem Akhtar Khan
RNA is a single-stranded macromolecule that plays an important role in protein synthesis in many organisms and replaces DNA in some viruses for genetic information. It consists of a ribose sugar, nitrogen bases, and phosphate group in its structure. Nitrogenous bases include guanine, cytosine, uracil, and adenine. Of the many types of RNA, three types of RNAs are well known, namely: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries the information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes. rRNA and protein make up the ribosomes, where the codes carried by rRNA are translated. tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes according to the information carried by the mRNA from DNA where protein synthesis occurs by specific linkage of amino acids. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small and single-stranded RNA that plays an important role in apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation in plants, animals, and some viruses. It is an important biomarker of cancer. Cancer is the result of abnormal expression and function of miRNA. The development of biosensors for the detection of miRNA can help to diagnose and treat these malignant diseases. There are various traditional methods for the detection of miRNAs such as array technology, polymerase chain reaction, and the miRNA analysis method. However, these methods have drawbacks, such as the need for expensive detection kits, interference from other RNAs, and the need for a high concentration of miRNA for detection. Only electrochemical sensors based on MOFs will be discussed in this context [9], [10]. Viruses cause various diseases in animals, especially humans. Many of these viruses contain RNA as hereditary material. For example, Ebolaviruses such as Sudan and Ebola viruses cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. Therefore, to cure this fever and other diseases that are linked with viruses RNA, earlier diagnosis is necessary to control infections and for the management of the diseases. To diagnose these diseases, cost-effective, rapid, specific, selective, and sensitive method development is the need of this era [11].
Epidemiology, virology and clinical aspects of hantavirus infections: an overview
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Sima Singh, Arshid Numan, Dinesh Sharma, Rahul Shukla, Amit Alexander, Gaurav Kumar Jain, Farhan Jalees Ahmad, Prashant Kesharwani
Though hantaviruses do not cause disease in rodents, they may be transmitted to humans through rodent excreta aerosols, insectivores, or contaminated samples containing the rodent-excrete virus (Nuzum et al. 1988) as shown in Figure 1. Some Hantaviruses, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and HPS, cause potentially fatal disease in humans, although others have not been linked to human disease. Usually, two to three weeks after initial contact, medical symptoms of hantavirus infection resulting in either HFRS and HCPS (Lednicky 2003). It has the potential to cause serious diseases in humans, with high mortality rates varying from 12% (HFRS) in Europe and Asian countries (Heyman et al. 2009) to 40% (HCPS) in the Americas (MacNeil et al. 2011). It depends on the form of Hantavirus and the clinical syndromes. HFRS and HCPS are clinical syndromes that partly overlap each-others. The syndrome is distinguished by enhanced capillary permeability and thrombocytopenia. The virus invasion of the endothelial cells is known to cause these diseases. It does not impede endothelial activity but results in dramatic changes both in the barrier position of the endothelial cells as a whole and in the portion of the endothelial cells contaminated. It was also hypothesized that cytotoxic CD8 + T cells (CTLs) cause capillary leakage and further cytokines lead to increased capillary permeability. It has been reported that the complex of the complement’s soluble properties may also serves to increase vascular permeability. Another important factor that has a strong effect on the pathogenesis of hantavirus infections disease is synergistic stimulation, which amplifies the effect (Hjelle and Torres-Pérez 2010; Pandey et al. 2019).