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Some audio principles
Published in John Watkinson, The Art of Digital Audio, 2013
The cochlea, shown in Figure 2.9(a), is a tapering spiral cavity within bony walls which is filled with fluid. The widest part, near the oval window, is called the base and the distant end is the apex. Figure 2.9(b) shows that the cochlea is divided lengthwise into three volumes by Reissner's membrane and the basilar membrane. The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are connected by a small aperture at the apex of the cochlea known as the helicotrema. Vibrations from the stapes are transferred to the oval window and become fluid pressure variations which are relieved by the flexing of the round window. Effectively the basilar membrane is in series with the fluid motion and is driven by it except at very low frequencies where the fluid flows through the helicotrema, bypassing the basilar membrane.
Sound and psychoacoustics
Published in John Watkinson, The Art of Sound Reproduction, 2012
The cochlea, shown in Figure 3.3(a), is a tapering spiral cavity within bony walls which is filled with fluid. The widest part, near the oval window, is called the base and the distant end is the apex. Figure 3.3(b) shows that the cochlea is divided lengthwise into three volumes by Reissner's membrane and the basilar membrane. The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are connected by a small aperture at the apex of the cochlea known as the helicotrema. Vibrations from the stapes are transferred to the oval window and become fluid-pressure variations which are relieved by the flexing of the round window. Effectively the basilar membrane is in series with the fluid motion and is driven by it except at very low frequencies where the fluid flows through the helicotrema, bypassing the basilar membrane.
Sound
Published in John Watkinson, Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media, 2001
The cochlea is the transducer proper, converting pressure variations in the fluid into nerve impulses. However, unlike a microphone, the nerve impulses are not an analog of the incoming waveform. Instead the cochlea has some analysis capability which is combined with a number of mental processes to make a complete analysis. As shown in Figure 5.11(a), the cochlea is a fluid-filled tapering spiral cavity within bony walls. The widest part, near the oval window, is called the base and the distant end is the apex. Figure 5.11(b) shows that the cochlea is divided lengthwise into three volumes by Reissner’s membrane and the basilar membrane. The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are connected by a small aperture at the apex of the cochlea known as the helicotrema. Vibrations from the stapes are transferred to the oval window and become fluid pressure variations which are relieved by the flexing of the round window.
Numerical analysis of the effects of ossicular chain malformations on bone conduction stimulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Yu Zhao, Wen Liu, Houguang Liu, Jianhua Yang, Lei Zhou, Xinsheng Huang
The human ear FE model was developed based on a fresh human temporal bone, which comprises an ear canal, a middle ear and a spiral cochlea, as shown in Figure 2. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. The middle ear portion of the model comprises the middle ear cavity, the tympanic membrane (TM), ossicular chain, ligaments, and tendons. The cochlea is filled with lymph fluid and includes the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, helicotrema, basilar membrane (BM), bony spiral plate, and RW membrane. In addition, the bony wall was built as a layer shell elements at the outer layer of the cavities (the ear canal and the middle ear cavity) and the cochlea, which was in contact with the air and the lymph fluid in this model. The BM was connected with the bony wall via the bony spiral plate.