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Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Hantavirus—Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried droppings, urine, or saliva of mice and rats. Animal laboratory workers and persons working in infested buildings are at increased risk of contracting this disease.
Epidemiology, virology and clinical aspects of hantavirus infections: an overview
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Sima Singh, Arshid Numan, Dinesh Sharma, Rahul Shukla, Amit Alexander, Gaurav Kumar Jain, Farhan Jalees Ahmad, Prashant Kesharwani
Though hantaviruses do not cause disease in rodents, they may be transmitted to humans through rodent excreta aerosols, insectivores, or contaminated samples containing the rodent-excrete virus (Nuzum et al. 1988) as shown in Figure 1. Some Hantaviruses, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and HPS, cause potentially fatal disease in humans, although others have not been linked to human disease. Usually, two to three weeks after initial contact, medical symptoms of hantavirus infection resulting in either HFRS and HCPS (Lednicky 2003). It has the potential to cause serious diseases in humans, with high mortality rates varying from 12% (HFRS) in Europe and Asian countries (Heyman et al. 2009) to 40% (HCPS) in the Americas (MacNeil et al. 2011). It depends on the form of Hantavirus and the clinical syndromes. HFRS and HCPS are clinical syndromes that partly overlap each-others. The syndrome is distinguished by enhanced capillary permeability and thrombocytopenia. The virus invasion of the endothelial cells is known to cause these diseases. It does not impede endothelial activity but results in dramatic changes both in the barrier position of the endothelial cells as a whole and in the portion of the endothelial cells contaminated. It was also hypothesized that cytotoxic CD8 + T cells (CTLs) cause capillary leakage and further cytokines lead to increased capillary permeability. It has been reported that the complex of the complement’s soluble properties may also serves to increase vascular permeability. Another important factor that has a strong effect on the pathogenesis of hantavirus infections disease is synergistic stimulation, which amplifies the effect (Hjelle and Torres-Pérez 2010; Pandey et al. 2019).