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Headache
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Giant cell arteritis affects the large and medium-sized arteries, especially the proximal aorta and its branches. These blood vessels are notable for their prominent internal elastic membrane and vasa vasorum, which may be relevant to the underlying pathophysiology. In contrast, the intracranial arteries, which are rarely directly affected by the condition, are thinner and do not have vasa vasorum. Histologically, the affected arteries show a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate with lymphocytes, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, the latter usually being located at the intima-media junction. The underlying cause of the arteritis remains unknown. The geographical and the apparent seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are important. An infectious aetiology has been proposed, but as yet no specific virus has been identified as a trigger. There is some evidence for an association of giant cell arteritis with certain human leucocyte antigens.
Miscellaneous procedures
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Large vessel vasculitis, as the name suggests, involves inflammation of the large vessels, specifically large arteries. Examples of clinical referrals to PET–CT are for Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis). Giant cell arteritis is one of the most common examples of vasculitis and presents as inflammation of the temporal arteries with symptoms of recurrent headaches and dizziness. Takayasu arteritis is characterised well on PET–CT and typically affects the main aorta and its branches (Fig. 13.17a).
Retinoic acid as a teratogen: IX-Induction of fetal skeletal anomalies and alteration in the utero-placental expression pattern of EGFR during mice development
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ahmed Said, Abdel-Rahman S. Sultan, Reda A. Ali, Mohsen A. Moustafa
Histologically, on gestation day 9.5 the placenta became mature and consisted of two parts: maternal and fetal parts, the maternal part consisted of maternal triangle and decidual basalis, the decidual basalis was composed of regression of mesometrial decidua, containing decidual cells, fibers, and vascular channels. The fetal part consisted of three layers: the trophoblastic giant cell layer, the spongiotrophoblast layer, and the labyrinth layer. Trophoblastic giant cells, identified by their large nuclei, were present as a layer separating the spongiotrophoblasts from decidual basalis, and the spongiotrophoblast layer consisted of large trophoblast cells with small blood sinuses. Both the trophoblast giant cells and spongiotrophoblast cells form the junctional zone. The labyrinth layer is formed by contact between the chorionic trophoblast and allantoic mesoderm, and contains blood sinuses (Figure 4(a,e,j)).
Immunological response of polysaccharide nanogel-incorporating PEG hydrogels in an in vivo diabetic model
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Tugba Bal, Ismail Can Karaoglu, Fusun Sevval Murat, Esra Yalcin, Yoshihiro Sasaki, Kazunari Akiyoshi, Seda Kizilel
As expected, the number of inflammatory cells increased, and fibrosis occurred in the presence of biomaterials for both healthy and diabetic animals (Table 1). An increase in neovascularization and the number of lymphocytes was observed in the cases of implantations of pristine and CHPOA incorporated PEG hydrogels. Interestingly, foreign body giant cell (FBGC) response was observed in the case of 0.8 mg/ml CHPOA. FBGCs are formed by the fusion of macrophages when a biomaterial with a size range of 10–100 μm implanted to the body. They remain at the biomaterial and tissue interface as long as the implant is present at the body [78]. This slight response was unexpected since the amount of CHPOA nanogel incorporated into PEG hydrogel does not interfere with the size of the implant. Therefore, this FBGC response should be examined in future studies. Taking the results of both histological analysis and ISO 10993-6 standards into account, there were normal muscle tissue morphology and inflammation scores in both diabetic and healthy animals, indicating that the incorporation of CHPOA nanogels within PEG hydrogel only caused a slight immune reaction in vivo. These results are promising for the PEG-CHPOA hydrogels to be used in various tissue engineering applications.
The role of nanomaterials and nanostructured surfaces for improvement of biomaterial peculiarities in vascular surgery: a review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Marius Fodor, Lucian Fodor, Olimpiu Bota
Second generation nanocellulose tubes with a reduced wall thickness of 1.0–2.5 mm, an inner diameter of 4.0–5.0 mm and a length of 100 mm have been used to replace de sheep carotid artery. The results showed no acute inflammation signs around the graft within nine months after graft implantation. The graft histology revealed no signs of foreign body reaction, such as acute inflammatory reaction or giant cell formation (Weber et al. 2018). Concerning cell ingrowth findings, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and Giemsa staining show no cell migration into the nanocellulose graft scaffold. The vWF (factor VIII; blood vessel-staining kit, alkaline phosphatase conjugated) staining shows no evidence of endothelization inside the graft (Bryers, Giachelli, and Ratner 2012). The nanocellulose graft demonstrates less thrombogenic effects on the smoother inner surface (Ishii et al. 2016).