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Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Our story must start with Thomas Hunt Morgan, whom we already met in Chapter 2. Morgan was originally a zoologist who studied embryos. In 1900, he encountered the work of Mendel. However, he decided to choose fruit flies—not peas—as his new experimental objects. In May 1910, Morgan discovered a mutant fly with white eyes (the fruit fly usually has red eyes). He cultivated various offspring in different ways and found that the ratio of red eyes to white eyes was 3:1. Further studies found that the offspring of white-eye males and red-eye females were all red flies. The male offspring of white-eye females and red-eye males all had white eyes and the females had red eyes. He came up with a theory of complex genes, and divided the eyes of the fruit fly, the shape of the wings, the appearance of the fluff, etc., and then cultivated these genetic characteristics. He studied the phenomenon of linkage between genes located on the same chromosome. Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during sexual reproduction. Two genetic markers that are physically near to each other are unlikely to be separated during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be more linked than markers that are far apart. In other words, the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together. On the other hand, markers on different chromosomes are perfectly “unlinked.” Morgan established the genetic law of linkage and crossing-over. As suggested by English geneticist J. B. S. Haldane, the measurement unit for linkage is called the morgan. A centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. The number of DNA base-pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the genome because different regions of a chromosome have different propensities towards crossover. In humans, one centimorgan corresponds—on average—to about 1 million base pairs. In 1913, Morgan’s student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map. The fruit fly has proved the genetic chromosomal theory that genetic characteristics often are not affected by just one gene but by multiple genes. In 1933, Morgan received the Nobel Prize110 “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.” T. H. Morgan became the first geneticist to be awarded.
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Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Our story must start with Thomas Hunt Morgan, whom we already met in Chapter 2. Morgan was originally a zoologist who studied embryos. In 1900, he encountered the work of Mendel. However, he decided to choose fruit flies—not peas—as his new experimental objects. In May 1910, Morgan discovered a mutant fly with white eyes (the fruit fly usually has red eyes). He cultivated various offspring in different ways and found that the ratio of red eyes to white eyes was 3:1. Further studies found that the offspring of white-eye males and red-eye females were all red flies. The male offspring of white-eye females and red-eye males all had white eyes and the females had red eyes. He came up with a theory of complex genes, and divided the eyes of the fruit fly, the shape of the wings, the appearance of the fluff, etc., and then cultivated these genetic characteristics. He studied the phenomenon of linkage between genes located on the same chromosome. Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during sexual reproduction. Two genetic markers that are physically near to each other are unlikely to be separated during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be more linked than markers that are far apart. In other words, the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together. On the other hand, markers on different chromosomes are perfectly “unlinked.” Morgan established the genetic law of linkage and crossing-over. As suggested by English geneticist J. B. S. Haldane, the measurement unit for linkage is called the morgan. A centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. The number of DNA base-pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the genome because different regions of a chromosome have different propensities towards crossover. In humans, one centimorgan corresponds—on average— to about 1 million base pairs. In 1913, Morgan’s student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map. The fruit fly has proved the genetic chromosomal theory that genetic characteristics often are not affected by just one gene but by multiple genes. In 1933, Morgan received the Nobel Prize110 “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.” T. H. Morgan became the first geneticist to be awarded.
CF-PPI: Centroid based new feature extraction approach for Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Gunjan Sahni, Bhawna Mewara, Soniya Lalwani, Rajesh Kumar
The genomic information-based approach is a subsequent concept of gene fusion, genetic linkage, and phylogenetic profiles. The notion behind this approach is if the interaction between protein pairs is inveterate, their homologous protein pair’s interaction can be certainly predicted. Structure-based approaches consider data of the 3D structure of the protein to predict interaction in homologous proteins, yet limited protein 3D structure is acknowledged, the approach can be applied to inadequate protein pairs. Network topology-based approaches ponder biological interaction networks where node and link characterise protein and interaction between them correspondingly, PPI is evaluated by confidence score of link attain by associating with an original network designed based on accessible data of protein interaction. Certain models of PPI prediction use text mining and literature mining algorithms to excavate associated information of co-occurrence of the proteins in the PubMed abstracts methods. Machine learning perspective of PPI prediction extract information from biological data sources, and generate efficient features of protein pairs (interacting and non-interacting) to train prediction model, subsequently apply machine learning algorithms to classify whether particular protein pair can interact or not. Therefore, these techniques have been employed to predict PPIs, mostly based on arrangements of classification, clustering, and feature selection techniques by representing objects (complexes, protein chains, sites, patches, domains, or motifs) as features (Sowmya & Ranganathan, 2014).