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Innovative technological interventions to combat pandemic proliferation
Published in Harish Hirani, Technological Innovations for Effective Pandemic Response, 2023
Easiest way to provide oxygen therapy is to concentrate oxygen, by separating the nitrogen from air using porous zeolite adsorbents. Due to the large microporous surface area inside the zeolite adsorbents, nitrogen from atmospheric air can be adsorbed under pressure higher than the atmosphere, and as an output, a stream of enriched oxygen can be achieved. The adsorbent can be regenerated by decreasing the pressure to release the adsorbed nitrogen. In this way, a continuous oxygen stream supply can be generated to assist an individual and increase the fraction of inspired oxygen. One of such oxygen enrichment units (OEUs), based on the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technique is illustrated in Figure 2.20. This oxygen enrichment unit is also suitable for simultaneous use by multiple patients, as shown in Figure 2.21. This decentralized OEU is advantageous as it costs less. Due to the remote location of the compressor, it operates silently, occupies less space and can be installed at the bedside with control on the FiO2 ratio. Such a decentralized OEU system with a bedside regulator can regulate flow with an accuracy of 0.5 LPM and finds its use in “high flow oxygen therapy”, which is proven to be a better method in treatment and management of COVID-19 patients.
Machine Learning for Designing a Mechanical Ventilator:
Published in Pushpa Singh, Divya Mishra, Kirti Seth, Transformation in Healthcare with Emerging Technologies, 2022
Jayant Giri, Shreya Dhapke, Dhananjay Mutyarapwar
In the future, more ML and DL models will be developed to optimize the rest of the domains which have not been studied yet. Several regression models need to be developed to predict patient-specific values of control parameters, such as the fraction of inspired oxygen, positive end-expiratory pressure, inspiratory pressure, tidal volume, and I: E ratio. The values of these control parameters are needed to be updated continuously, as per feedback generated by sensors according to a patient’s condition. Here, the regression decision tree algorithm can be used for model creation. To date, ML and DL models are developed to provide decision support to clinicians and reduce complexity and workload encountered during MV treatment, but the process is not completely automated. There is a need for clinicians to set the ventilator settings and monitor the patient’s condition when specified by ML models. When ML and DL models for predicting each of the ventilator settings and control parameters are created, complete automation can be enabled. A basic conceptual model representing the idea of automation has been shown below.
Intuition in Decision Making – An Investigation in the Delivery Room
Published in Frédéric Adam, Dorota Kuchta, Stanisław Stanek, Frédéric Adam, Joanna Iwko, Gaye Kiely, Dorota Kuchta, Ewa Marchwicka, Stephen McCarthy, Gloria Phillips-Wren, Stanisław Stanek, Tadeusz Trzaskalik, Irem Ucal Sari, Rational Decisions in Organisations, 2022
Frédéric Adam, Eugene Dempsey, Brian Walsh, Mmoloki Kenosi
Just after birth, the baby showed signs of poor respiratory effort, and her vitals were a source of concern. The team immediately applied CPAP, but this did not improve her condition, such that IPPV was implemented to seek to increase her fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). As this still was not sufficient, the team decided to intubate her. Still the expected progress did not materialise, and the neonatologist decided to re-intubate to ensure the proper insertion of the endotracheal tube. The exceedingly small airways of a preterm baby can prove confusing for anyone other than the most senior neonatologists, and this second intervention finally delivered the expected results. This is a case where learning can only occur “on the job,” and the junior staff member must confront the full complexity of each intervention to learn how to cope with it.
Oxygen: a new look at an old therapy
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
Richard Beasley, Diane Mackle, Paul Young
Hyperoxaemia is defined as an abnormally high level of oxygen in the arterial blood, which is traditionally set at a PaO2 of >120 mmHg, a level at which the SaO2 is 100% (O’Driscoll et al. 2017). Potential risks associated with high concentration oxygen therapy relate both to the high fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) delivered to the lungs, and the systemic effects of hyperoxaemia that results. At the cellular level, exposure to high oxygen tension is potentially toxic, if the production of reactive oxygen species is in excess of physiological antioxidant defence capability. The toxicity may be more pronounced in organs such as the lungs which are exposed to high FiO2 (Clark et al. 1971; Fracica et al. 1991), in situations such as reperfusion or cellular injury in which there is heightened sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (Becker 2004; Hausenloy and Yellon 2008), or in conditions such as sepsis where there is increased reactive oxygen species formation (Galley 2011).