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Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
important case in the glycolytic pathway is the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase, which transfers the phosphoryl group in 3 -phosphoglycerate from the unactivatable C-3 position via a 2,3 diphosphoglycerate intermediate to the activatable C-2 position in 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA). It is inhibited by the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate intermediate which prevents excessive carbon flow through this pathway. The 2-PGA is further processed by an enolase to yield the high-energy compound, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), with the energy being subsequently captured by ADP in the formation of pyruvic acid.
The influence of helmet on the prevention of maxillofacial fractures sustained during motorcycle accidents
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Muhammad Ruslin, Jan Wolff, Harmas Yazid Yusuf, Muhammad Zafrullah Arifin, Paolo Boffano, Tymour Forouzanfar
This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Medical faculty, the University of Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. The study comprised of half-coverage helmeted and unhelmeted patients who had sustained maxillofacial fractures during motorcycle accidents at the urban Bandung area in Indonesia. Only hospitalized patients with maxillofacial fractures and a mild head injury that had been surgically treated within 48 h were included in this study. The riders whose helmet flied out before their head hit the ground were included as unhelmetted patients. All patients who had sustained moderate or severe head injuries were excluded from the study. Furthermore, multiple trauma and alcoholized patients were excluded from the study. The maxillofacial fractures were divided into three parts upper, middle, and lower facial. The upper part of facial skeleton comprising the frontal bone, the middle part comprising the midfacial bone: the maxilla, the nasoethmoid, and lateral midfacial bone-zygoma, and the lower part comprising the mandible. All patients in this study were scored using the GCS upon arrival at the hospital. Furthermore, computed tomography scans of all patients were also performed. Blood samples were taken from all studied patients and centrifuged for 10 min at 2.500 rotations per minute. Neuron-specific enolase measurements were performed with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using a sandwich technique in duplicate with NSE kits (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and the Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). This study underwent NSE screening within 24 h since the half-life of NSE in the serum is approximately 48 h (Wunderlich et al., 1999). The NSE cut-off value is 10 ng/ml (Bazarian & Merchant-Borna, 2014).