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Environmental Hypoxia
Published in Alan G. Heath, Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2018
The energy status of a tissue can be assessed by measuring the concentration of the adenylates (ATP, ADP, and AMP) and then using these values to calculate a dimensionless number called the energy charge, which ranges from zero to one (Atkinson, 1977). Skeletal muscle (Boutilier et al., 1988) and heart muscle (Koke and Anderson, 1986) from resting fish show little change in energy charge when the animal is exposed to hypoxia, but liver from the same animal exhibits large decreases, almost entirely due to a precipitous drop in concentration of ATP (Van Waarde et al., 1983; Vetter and Hodson, 1982). This difference between muscle and liver is probably due to a greater capacity for anaerobic metabolism in muscle, which usually “uses” this ability to obtain energy during bursts of swimming, rather than hypoxia. Teleost heart muscle evidently also has a high anaerobic capacity (Koke and Anderson, 1986).
Processes for Overproduction of Microbial Metabolites for Industrial Applications
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The cell can also regulate production by the amount of energy it makes available for any particular reaction. The cell’s high energy compounds adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are produced during catabolism. The amount of high energy in a cell is given by the adenylate charge or energy charge. This measures the extent to which ATP-ADP-AMP systems of the cell contains high energy phosphate bonds and is given by the formula. Energy charge =(ATP) + 1/2ADPATP+ADP+ AMP $$ \begin{gathered} {\text{Energy charge = }}\frac{{{\text{(ATP) + 1/2 }}\left( {{\text{ ADP}}} \right)}}{{\left( {{\text{ATP}}} \right){\text{ + }}\left( {{\text{ADP}}} \right){\text{ + AMP}}}} \hfill \\ {\text{ }} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
Metabolic load comparison between the quarters of a game in elite male basketball players using sport metabolomics
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Kayvan Khoramipour, Abbas Ali Gaeini, Elham Shirzad, Kambiz Gilany, Saeed Chashniam, Øyvind Sandbakk
Similar to the first quarter, Lactate, Pyruvate, Hypoxanthine, Succinic Acid, Citric Acid, and Glucose showed a significant increase in the third quarter. These data are in line with the higher frequency, duration and distance of high-intensity movements in the third compared to second and fourth quarter. It seems that 15 min of rest between halves recovered subjects metabolically and allowed players to perform more high-intensity movements. However, Glycine was also increased significantly in the third quarter indicating a greater level of fatigue than the first quarter. Glycine is the simplest and essential amino acid (Wang et al., 2013) and has a critical role in Glutathione, Certain and purine nucleotide production (Wang et al., 2013) that help to renew phosphocreatine, act as an important antioxidant and have a critical role in cell energy charge, respectively (Hargreaves & Spriet, 2006).