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Microbial Removal of Toxic Chromium for Wastewater Treatment
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Joorie Bhattacharya, Rahul Nitnavare, Thomas J Webster, Sougata Ghosh
A number of chromate-resistant, facultative anaerobes have been isolated such as B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli along with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Microorganisms such as Desulfomicrobium norvegicum, Desulfotomaculum reducens, and Desulfovibrio vulgaris are some of the most prominently studied bacterial species for this purpose. They possess unique mechanisms including soluble cytochromes, hydrogenase, and cytochrome catalyzed and electron acceptance for Cr6+ reduction, which is found in the SRB group of microbes (Cheung and Gu 2003). Other facultative microbial species such as extremophiles have also shown similar potential. Deinococcus radiodurans R1, a radiation-resistant bacterium, and Pyrobaculum islandicum, a thermophilic bacterium, are known to reduce Cr(VI) and degrade benzoate. Generally, basic metabolites of SRBs, such as hydrogen sulfide, are capable of Cr(VI). Additionally, in an environment lacking oxygen, Cr(VI) can serve as an electron acceptor for electron donors such as NAD(P)H (Joutey et al. 2015).
Biotechnology for heavy metals elimination
Published in Vladimír Strakoš, Vladimír Kebo, Radim Farana, Lubomír Smutný, Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 1997, 2020
P. Danihelka, I. Chovancová, K. Špinková
The possibility of heavy metals removal by bioprecipitation has been tested with the strain of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) DSM 644T. The strain was obtained from DSM Braunschweig, FRG and grown on media based on DSM 63 medium with different electron donors and complex nutrient concentration. It has been shown that gaseous H2 increases the H2S yield of BSR growing on lactate. The tolerance of Desulfovibrio vulgaris with respect to metal concentration has been investigated. Non-adapted strain is not inhibited by Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni and Zn ions in concentration of 10 ppm. Concentration of 100 ppm of Cd and 1000 ppm of Cr, Cu, Hg and Ni inhibits the growth, but probably the strain may be adapted on high ion concentrations.
Microbiological Aspects
Published in Héctor A. Videla, Manual of Biocorrosion, 2018
Diverse species of SRB like Desulfovibrio vulgaris or Desulfovibrio desulfuricans can use hydrogen oxidation as an energy source for growth. The active growth of SRB requires reduction conditions in the medium generally more severe than those attained by deaeration. Generally, it is assumed that a redox potential lower than -100 mV (vs. normal hydrogen electrode) is needed to allow a suitable growth. The environmental conditions in restricted areas of solid/liquid interfaces can be appropriate for SRB growth due to reducing conditions created by biogenic hydrogen sulfide or to the presence of aerobic bacteria that actively consume the oxygen of the medium, for instance, when microbial consortia are located within the thickness of biofilms.
A review of chromite mining in Sukinda Valley of India: impact and potential remediation measures
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Suman Nayak, Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P, Paresh Kale
The anaerobic reduction of Cr is carried out by Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) Desulfovibrio vulgaris. In this conditions, Cr(VI) serves as a terminal electron acceptor in the respiratory chain for a vast array of electron donors, including nitroreductase, flavoprotein, glutaredoxin, NAD(P)H and endogenous electron reserves (Ibrahim et al. 2012). Sulfide produced by cytochromes of SRB almost entirely reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and precipitated other metal ions (Losi and Frankenberger 1994). SRB’s ability to reduce chromate is due to its structural similarities with chromate. The reaction kinetics of bioreduction as purposed by Kim et al. (2001), involves the formation of chromate sulfide intermediate complex {H2O4Cr6S}2−, followed by intramolecular electron transfer to form Cr(IV) species, and subsequently fast reactions with Cr(III) as the final product. The energy kinetic required by ChrR reductase to reduce each molecule of Cr is given as Km of 374 µM and Vmax of 1.72 µmol/min/mg.