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Applications of spatial sound and related problems
Published in Bosun Xie, Spatial Sound, 2023
Hearing impairment is the most prevalent sensory deficit. According to the organs in which the lesion occurs, hearing impairment is classified into three basic categories: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss is caused by external and middle ear diseases. Sensorineural hearing loss can be subdivided into three types: cochlear, neurological, and central loss, which are the results of cochlear lesions, spiral ganglion or auditory nerve conductive pathway lesions, and central system lesions (located in the brainstem and brain, involving the cochlear nucleus and its central auditory pathway, auditory cortex). Mixed hearing loss has elements of both conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing-impaired people not only suffer from a partial or complete loss of unilateral or bilateral hearing but also often experience the loss of spatial auditory ability. Especially for some central (higher-level nervous system) disorders that lead to a decrease in the ability to process binaural information, their bilateral hearing loss may be slight, but their ability to identify binaural signals declines and even disappears, resulting in a phenomenon of “hearing without understanding.”
Disorders of Hearing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Linda M. Luxon, Ronald Hinchcliffe
The treatment of acute otitis media requires pain relief, re-establishment of eustachian tube function using nasal drops, inhalations or decongestants, mucolytics and the prescription of systemic antibiotics. The drug of choice is amoxycillin or, in cases of sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycin. Myringotomy is indicated if the drum is bulging. In recurrent acute otitis media, a focus of infection within the upper respiratory tract should be sought, while persistent otitis media with effusion requires the exclusion of naspharyngeal malignancy (Ho et al., 2008). The aim of treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media is to eliminate infection using antibiotics, and, when the ear is healthy, repair aural damage such as a perforated ear drum or damage to the ossicles, which may prevent reinfection and improve sound transmission (Robinson, 1998; Raglan, 2003). Conductive hearing loss caused by otosclerosis or the hereditary osseous dysplasias may be managed conservatively using hearing aids, or surgically by stapedectomy. The procedure carries a small risk of complication of late sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and for this reason stapedectomy has historically not been undertaken in both ears, although recent work has shown more promising results (Kujala et al., 2008).
Audio Engineering Basics
Published in Dave Swallow, Live Audio, 2012
Conductive hearing loss is caused when something stops the movement of sound traveling from your outer ear to your inner ear. This can be caused by a buildup of earwax blocking the outer ear or by pierced eardrums, which are often the result of untreated ear infections, head injuries, poking something down your ear, or a collection of fluid in the middle ear (known as glue ear).
3D printing technology and applied materials in eardrum regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Haolei Hu, Jianwei Chen, Shuo Li, Tao Xu, Yi Li
The ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The TM is an oval and translucent membranous structure between the tympanic chamber of the middle ear and external auditory canal (Figure 1) [4]. The eardrum has three layers (Figure 2): the outermost layer is a flat epithelium containing keratinocytes; the intermediate layer is composed of fibroblasts, type II collagen, and type III collagen (lamina propria) to maintain the mechanical strength, density, and elasticity of the eardrum; the inner layer is a mucosal layer without keratinocytes. The tympanum consists of two regions: relaxation and tension. The tension region is where most tympanic perforations occur. The difference between the tension and relaxation regions lies in the composition of the lamina propria, which has different functions. The middle layer of the lamina propria in the tension region of the TM is composed of type III collagen, as well as type I and type II collagen, while the outer layer is composed of type II collagen, loose connective tissue, and a small amount of elastic fibers in the lamina propria of the tension region. Eardrum function depends largely on its special structure; hence, changes in the eardrum structure (such as perforation of the eardrum) can lead to conductive hearing loss.