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Computer and Human Vision Systems
Published in Sheila Anand, L. Priya, A Guide for Machine Vision in Quality Control, 2019
The other type of eye is the compound eye that is found in insects and arthropods. Compound eyes are made up of many individual lenses. In dragonflies, for example, a single compound eye can have as many as 10,000 lenses. Some compound eyes process an image in parallel, with each lens sending its own signal to the insect’s or arthropod’s brain. This allows for fast motion detection and image recognition, which is one reason why flies are so hard to swat. New micro-machining technology is allowing researchers to produce tiny artificial compound eyes that mimic those found in insects. Researchers have even managed to arrange the individual lenses around a dome, which may one day be used to create devices that can see in a 360-degree angle.
Smart imaging
Published in Jun Ohta, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications, 2017
A compound eye is a biological visual systems in arthropods including insects and crustaceans. There are a number of independent tiny optical systems with small fields-of-view (FOV) as shown in Fig. 4.34. The images taken by each of the independent tiny eyes, called ommatidium, are composited in the brain to reproduce a whole image.
Smart structures and materials
Published in Jun Ohta, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications, 2020
A compound eye is a biological visual system in arthropods including insects and crustaceans. There are a number of independent tiny optical systems with small FOV as shown in Fig. 3.36. The images taken by each of the independent tiny eyes, called ommatidium, are composited in the brain to reproduce a whole image.
A rapid precision fabrication method for artificial compound eyes
Published in International Journal of Optomechatronics, 2021
Yueqi Zhai, Jiaqi Niu, Jingquan Liu, Bin Yang
To evaluate the imaging quality of the compound eye, an optical microscope imaging test platform with a CCD camera, an objective lens, the constructed compound eye, and an imaging mask labeled “SJTU” was established, as shown in Figure 7(a). Firstly, the objective lens was aligned directly above the dome of the compound eye, and the distance between the compound eye and the objective lens was adjusted so that the focused spot can be observed. Then the mask was placed under the compound eye, and the clear imaging letter “SJTU” on the screen was found by continuously adjusting the distance between the compound eye and the mask as illustrated in Figure 7(b). The focusing spots are not on the same plane since all the ommatidia are consistently and uniformly scattered along the top of a hemisphere. Therefore, when adjusting the distance between the objective lens and the MLA, there is a difference in the imaging of the letters at different positions captured by the CCD. As the objective lens moves downward, the focus position of the spot gradually moves toward the outer circle. Figure 7(c) focused on the inner few turns, showing the imaging of “S” and when the objective lens moving down, the focusing position changed, and the “S” of the outer few turns gradually shows clear as depicted in Figure 7(d). When concentrating on different areas, four letters were caught indicating that the compound eye has good optical performance with each ommatidium having the potential to generate clear pictures due to the excellent quality and uniformity of each unit.
Biological function simulation in neuromorphic devices: from synapse and neuron to behavior
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hui Chen, Huilin Li, Ting Ma, Shuangshuang Han, Qiuping Zhao
In natural world, many living creatures have an instinct or protection awareness to avoid predators and obstacles, in which most of them depend on the visual stimulus to determine the distance of predators and obstacles from themselves. When their eyes observe the predator or obstacle, animals can anticipate collision so that the firing rate of neuron will change: increase, peak, and then decrease. The firing peak appears before the image reaches the maximum size in their eyes throughout the predator or obstacle approaching [165,166]. For this reason, Wang et al. [167] reported an artificial lobula giant movement detector (LGMD) visual neuron to mimic the escape behavior of locust from bird (Figure 12). The artificial neuron is implemented using 20 × 20 threshold switching memristor arrays with a single device structure of Ag/few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP)-CsPbBr3 heterostructure/ITO to mimic the compound eye of locust (Figure 12(b,c)). Due to the hemispherical shape of this biomimetic compound eye, the identical incident angle of 180° along both the x and y direction is viewed as the field-of-view. The strongest photocurrent output is obtained when the light is incident at 90°. Meanwhile, the hemispherical compound eye exhibits wavelength discrimination in the UV–visible range (Figure 12(d,e)). Due to this property, the artificial neuron can be used to evaluate the position of the approaching object and the collision time (Figure 12(f,g)), which is like a locust perceiving a bird coming to prey. Similarly, Kim et al. [168] present an artificially intelligent magnetoreceptive synapse based on a ferroelectric-polymer-gated field-effect transistor with an air-suspended gate electrode laminated with an elastic polymer composite containing superparamagnetic particles. This artificial synapse facilitates sensing, memorizing, and learning of various magnetic fields, which can be used to mimic the barrier-adaptable navigation and mapping of a moving object of birds. The protection awareness to avoid predators and obstacles can be helpful to develop the high-end-brain-like chip applied at the driverless field [169–171].