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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
There are several classifications and names for the various brain structures, which is somewhat confusing. Conventionally, the brain may be divided into four major subdivisions, as indicated in Figure 1.7 and are illustrated in Figure 1.8 in a midsagittal section that divides the brain into right and left halves. These two halves of the brain are interconnected by a massive fiber tract, the corpus callosum, having a cross-sectional area of about 700 mm2 and consisting of about 200 million fibers. A smaller tract, the anterior commissure, also connects the two hemispheres. The four major subdivisions will be described very briefly in what follows. More details about the structure of these subdivisions, their substructures, and their functions will be presented in future chapters as needed for our discussion of the neuromuscular system.
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Published in Indra J. Das, Radiochromic Film, 2017
Steven J. Goetsch, Andy (Yuanguang) Xu
Leksell’s device, later popularly known as the Leksell Gamma Knife®, was restricted to intracranial use only and required placement of the Leksell Model G stereotactic frame, at first with screws penetrating the skull and later with sharp pins. The only form of neuroimaging available at that time was pneumoencephalography, which required performing a spinal tap and displacing most of the cerebrospinal fluid with air. This was difficult and excruciatingly painful. The air-filled ventricles could then be imaged by anterior–posterior and lateral X-ray films, and the anterior commissure–posterior commissure line could be determined. Previously available brain maps [3] could then be used to determine the stereotactic coordinates (X: lateral, Y: anterior–posterior, and Z: inferior–superior) to direct the beams of gamma radiation to the anatomical site of interest. Thus, only functional disease such as Parkinson’s disease and trigeminal neuralgia could be treated for many years.
Advanced Applications of Volume Visualization Methods in Medicine
Published in Alexander D. Poularikas, Stergios Stergiopoulos, Advanced Signal Processing, 2017
Georgios Sakas, Grigorios Karangelis, Andreas Pommert
For many clinical applications, it is desirable to combine information from different imaging modalities. For example, for the interpretation of PET images, which show only physiological aspects, it is important to know the patient’s morphology, as shown in MRI. In general, different data sets do not match geometrically. Therefore, it is required to transform one volume with respect to the other. This process is known as registration. The transformation may be defined by using corresponding landmarks in both data sets.113 In a simple case, external markers attached to the patient are available which are visible on different modalities. Otherwise, arbitrary pairs of matching points may be defined. A more robust approach is to interactively match larger features such as surfaces (Figure 4.8), or selected internal features such as the AC-PC line (anterior/posterior commissure) in brain imaging.100 All these techniques may also be applied in scale-space at different levels of resolution.73
Partial vs full glottic view with CMACTM D blade intubation of airway with simulated cervical spine injury: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Chao Chia Cheong, Soon Yiu Ong, Siu Min Lim, Wan Zakaria Wan A., Marzida Mansor, Sook Hui Chaw
Full glottic view (POGO score of 100%) in Group POGO 100%, as shown in Figure 1a, was achieved by advancing the CMACTM D blade with tip of blade positioned at the vallecula. The intubating anesthetist would adjust the device to keep the glottis at the center of the screen and the tongue in the midline. The laryngoscope was lifted to displace epiglottis upward to obtain a full glottic view. A full glottic view was defined as a complete glottic opening extending from the anterior commissure to inter arytenoid notch posteriorly. In event of suboptimal visualization of POGO, intubating anesthetist would request anesthetist nurse to apply ELM and sustain it until tracheal intubation. The anesthetic nurse would grasp the thyroid cartilage between thumb and index finger. Intubating anesthetist would verbally guide the anesthetist nurse on direction and force of ELM. The end point of maneuvering would be a POGO view deemed optimal by intubating anesthetist.
Detection of Vocal Cord Ulcer Using Advanced 3D ST Volumetric Segmentation Net Architecture
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Antony Sophia N, G.Wiselin Jiji
To find VCU texture and shape, the Larynx region is most needed. To diagnose the exact location of the vocal fold, the segmentation [4] strategy detects the VCU from a CT image. Two-dimensional (2D) image segmentation techniques are applied under Pixel-based, Edge-based, Region-based aspects [5–8]. Since Neck and Head CT has an adequately low resolution, and the VCU region is often undefined as the ulcer be would commonly visible in a thick blended penetrate. Segmenting the vocal fold from a laryngeal CT slice is a massive step in identifying the pathology. Below the posterior location of the superior-anterior commissure, the anterior aspect of the vocal folds is linked. The arytenoid cartilages can be identified in the posterior regions of the vocal folds. The vocal folds are non-parallel that reside in the ordinary axial view of the real plane that is most similar to the CT region. While taking laryngoscopy, the patient’s vocal fold is highly affected. Also, the visualization of the cartilages, thyroid, and arytenoids inside the neck CT images is less prominent and more complex in detecting the real vocal fold. Two strategies segment the vocal tract in laryngeal CT images: Parametric and Non-Parametric and Statistical strategies. When comparing the parametric and non-parametric approaches, glottal alerts are recognized with the analysis of value Spectrum, Amplitude Modulation, and Time–Frequency. The classification [9] strategies use the statistical technique at closing for differentiating the acute pathology. Furthermore, synthetic intelligence is used to discover the changes in vocal fold pathology.
Cornulitids from the Upper Devonian of the Central Devonian Field, Russia
Published in GFF, 2019
Olev Vinn, Sabiela Musabelliu, Michał Zatoń
Small, straight or slightly curved tubicolous shells, entirely attached to the exterior of brachiopod shells. The width of the space between the ribs of the colonised brachiopod shells evidently determines cornulitid tube morphology, which may be more or less elongated. Tubes may disturb the growth of the host brachiopod shell, as evidenced by a distinct depression of the shell around the cornulitid tube. Tubes are predominantly oriented with their apertures towards the brachiopods’ anterior commissure. Tube length is 2.2‒8.5 mm (mean = 4.7 mm, n = 22) and diameter at the aperture is 0.4‒2.0 mm (mean = 0.95 mm, n = 22). The tube’s diameter exhibited slow to very slow growth. The tube’s divergence angle is approximately 11 to 14º. The tube is not widened at the base. The maximal diameter of tubes is found at the aperture. The external surface of the tube is moderately to well developed, with somewhat irregular annulation perpendicular to the growth axis and irregular growth lines perpendicular to the growth axis. Nine to eleven growth lines per 1 mm can be found near the aperture. Tubes with better preserved exteriors are covered with well-developed regular longitudinal striations, approximately 25‒28 per 1 mm near the aperture. The inner side of the tube (tube lumen) is covered with well-developed annuli, approximately 0.1 to 0.15 mm wide near the aperture. The tube wall is devoid of vesicular structure. The tube’s structure is microlamellar, without pseudopunctae.