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Honey Bee Farming for Sustainable Rural Livelihood
Published in Rohini Prasad, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources, 2021
I. Merlin Kamala, I. Isaac Devanand
It is a diploid, fertile female. There is a sole queen in a colony. Queen bees are noticeably greater than other bees in the colony. The queen’s head and thorax are similar in size to those of the worker. However, the queen has a longer and plumped ovipositor; but the egg-laying capacity of queens as much as 6,000 eggs per day. The queen lays both fertilized eggs, from which females develop and unfertilized eggs from which males develop (Rangel et al., 2013). The wings of queens are much shorter in proportion, with a long tapering abdomen, which appears more as wasp. Honey bee queen is the only reproductive female of a colony, responsible for producing offspring in a colony. Queen bee is the mother of all bees, with the sole responsibility to lay eggs. They mate with the drones in one or more nuptial flight after 5–10 days of emergence. She will start laying eggs as the spermatheca is filled with sperms. A normal queen lays around 1500 eggs per day and lives for a life period of 2–3 years. The queen has strong legs for walking on the comb, and a curved sting at the abdominal tip for defense, which a modified ovipositor, the egg-laying organ (Tarpy and Mayer, 2019).
Colony Size Heritability
Published in Ovide Arino, David E. Axelrod, Marek Kimmel, Mathematical population dynamics, 2020
David E. Axelrod, Elizabeth Milcos-Livanos, Neha I. Vibhakar
A colony is a family of cells derived from a single cell by cell division. The ability of single mammalian cells to form a colony in vitro has been widely used in quantitative studies since the pioneering work of Puck et al. (1956). Colony-forming ability and clone size have been the basis of studies on radiation damage (Nias et al., 1965; Nias and Fox, 1968), cellular senescence (Smith et al 1978; Prothero and Gallant, 1981; Merz and Ross, 1973), and stem cell differentiation (Till et al., 1964; Korn et al., 1973; Humphries et al., 1981; Blackett, 1987). It has been used in cancer research to assay for the self-renewing fraction of tumor cells (Ciampi et al., 1986; Thomson and Meyskens, 1982; Meyskens et al., 1985; Mackillop et al., 1983; Bizzari and Mackillop, 1985), to predict the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs (Von Hoff, 1988), and to compare primary tumors and their metastatic secondary tumors (Thomson and Meyskens, 1982; Nicolson et al., 1988). Mathematical models have been used to analyze the distribution of sizes of colonies growing in vitro, and of tumors growing in vivo, to better understand the biological mechanisms that control differentiation, malignant cell proliferation, and metastatis (Chover and King, 1985; Brown et al., 1984; Norton, 1988; Blackett, 1987; Swan, 1987; Bartoszysńki, 1987).
Theoretical one-dimensional porous media model for microbial growth on pore plugging and permeability evolution and its verification
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Xinyu Luo, Angran Tian, Yuru Chen, Yu Zhou, Qiang Tang
Comparing the existing models with Zhong’s experimental data, it can be seen that the trend of the proposed model is very close to the experimental data, with a maximum error value not exceeding 11.2%. This indicates that the model established in this paper conforms to the flow and clogging characteristics of microbes in porous media. The experimental results show a faster change in the initial stage, which is because microbes do not reproduce in large numbers under conditions of nutrient deficiency and unsuitable environment [27]. However, when nutrients carrying oxygen are injected, microbes will rapidly undergo exponential growth, occupying pore spaces and causing a rapid decline in the permeability of pore channels. In addition, the microorganisms used in experiments are usually not completely controlled in terms of species, including bacteria, fungi, and other types [28]. Some bacteria grow faster and clog faster when clogging occurs. Fungi have larger volumes and their blocking effect on pores is slower but more pronounced. The strength of clogging is also related to the type of microorganism, the properties and shapes of the colony [29].
Synergistic ameliorative effect of iron oxide nanoparticles and Bacillus subtilis S4 against arsenic toxicity in Cucurbita moschata: polyamines, antioxidants, and physiochemical studies
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Tarifa Mushtaq, Anis Ali Shah, Waheed Akram, Nasim Ahmad Yasin
Bacillus subtilis S4 was obtained from conservatory section of Bacteria, University of the Punjab, Lahore. The tolerance level to different concentrations of As was analyzed by inoculating 10 μL of PGPB inoculum on LB agar-plates treated with different concentrations of As, that is, 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 for 5 days at 28 °C. Sodium arsenate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was used as a source of As contamination. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was demarcated as the lowermost concentration of sodium arsenate inhibiting growth of B. subtilis S4. The plates without As contamination depicted 5 mm diameter of bacterial colony. Bacillus subtilis S4 was not capable to exhibit growth at 30 mg L−1 concentration of As. Keeping in view the metal tolerance capability of B. subtilis S4, it was assumed that this bacterial strain may play a role in mitigation of As stress in C. moschata.
Detection of respiration changes inside biofilms with microelectrodes during exposure to antibiotics
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Jun Lin, Zechen Wang, Yue Zang, Dong Zhang, Qing Xin
The reactor had a volume of 15 mL and fed with LB media at a constant flow of 0.05 mL/min (Fig. 1). The reactor worked as a continuous stirred-tank reactor with a hydraulic retention time of 5 h. E. coli was seeded and a colony biofilm was grown on an agar surface fixed in the reactor. The position of the outlet was carefully designed, so that the biofilm was just immersed in the media. This ensured a sufficient supply of both nutrients and oxygen. Mature biofilms were obtained by a 48-h cultivation in the reactor before the experiment. To dose the desired concentration of antibiotics into the reactor, antibiotics were first spiked to the steady-state value (replacing 7.5 mL of medium in the reactor with a medium containing antibiotics with double strength) and then added to the influent. Dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles were measured at different time intervals with a dissolved oxygen microelectrode (DOM). Every time the concentration of antibiotics was changed, the reactor was restarted after cleaning and sterilizing, and a new piece of biofilm was cultivated.