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Fluid–Solid Separations by Free Settling
Published in Ron Darby, Raj P. Chhabra, Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2016
A centrifuge that is 40 cm ID and 30 cm long has an overflow weir that is 5 cm wide. The centrifuge operates at a speed of 3600 rpm. What is the maximum capacity of the centrifuge (in gpm) for which particles with a diameter of 25 µm and SG = 1.4 can be separated from the suspension? What would be the diameter of a settling tank that would do the same job?If the centrifuge ID was 30 cm, how fast would it have to rotate to do the same job, everything else being equal?
OSHA’s Laboratory Safety Standard (29 CFR 1910.1450)
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
Centrifuges, because of the high speed at which they operate, have great potential for injuring users if not operated properly. Unbalanced centrifuge rotors can result in injury, even death. Sample container breakage can generate aerosols that may be harmful if inhaled. The majority of all centrifuge accidents are the result of user error. In order to prevent injuries or exposure to dangerous substances, employers should train workers to follow good work practices.
Coal
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
As the coal is lighter, it floats and can be separated off, while heavier rock and other impurities sink and are removed as waste. The smaller size fractions are treated in a number of ways, usually based on differences in mass, such as in centrifuges. A centrifuge is a machine which turns a container around very quickly, causing solids and liquids inside it to separate.
Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae biofuel with nano-additives
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Vijayan Venkatraman, Sivachandran Sugumar, Saravanan Sekar, Sivakumar Viswanathan
Equal volumes of fuel oil and water-saturated toluene are placed in each of two cone-shaped centrifuge tubes. After centrifugation, the volume of the higher density water and sediment layer at the bottom of the tube is read. Use a centrifuge capable of spinning two or more filled cone-shaped. centrifuge tubes at a speed that can be controlled to give a relative centrifugal force of between 500 and 800 at the tip of the tubes. The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion cups, including the cushions, shall be soundly constructed to withstand the maximum centrifugal force capable of being delivered by the power source. The trunnion cups and cushions shall firmly support the tubes when the centrifuge is in motion. The centrifuge shall be enclosed by a metal shield or case strong enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs. The centrifuge shall be heated and controlled thermostatically to avoid unsafe conditions. It shall be capable of maintaining the sample temperature during the entire process. The thermostatic control shall be capable of maintaining the temperature within these limits and operate safely if there is a flammable atmosphere. Electric powered and heated centrifuges must meet all safety requirements for use in hazardous areas. Table 2 shows the calorific value of the tested fuels. It is revealed that there is no change of value while increasing the dosage of ZrO2 nanoparticles.
The Influence of Entrainment on Distribution Ratios in Complexation Studies
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2019
Entrainment is the “trapping” of small amounts of one phase in the other phase in a two-phase system. Vigorous mixing of the two phases used in solvent extraction is needed in order to achieve efficient mass transfer between the phases and thus moving quickly towards equilibrium. The drawback of this is that harder mixing will generate a larger amount of very small droplets of each phase in the other. Also, the coalescence of a large drop often results in the production of a “shower” of very small drops at the end of the collapse of the initial drop. When using a centrifuge, there is usually an optimum speed of rotation, too small gives insufficient phase separation, too high gives bursting of drops before reaching a surface or phase boundary causing increased entrainment.[1] The tiniest droplets formed are very hard to remove completely from their surrounding phase, even by a centrifuge. Hence, in practice, there will always be some degree of entrainment. Whether this is important or can be neglected depends on the use of the solvent extraction process.
Kinematic and Inertial Interaction of Single and Group Piles in Slope by Displacement Phase Relation
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Nghiem Xuan Tran, Taeho Bong, Sung-Ryul Kim
The centrifuge facility of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology was employed to perform the experiments. The centrifuge machine has a nominal radius of 5 m and a maximum capacity of 240 g-tons (Kim et al. 2013). An equivalent shear beam (ESB) container with internal dimensions of 49 cm×49 cm×63 cm was used to prepare the centrifuge models. The sidewall of the soil container was designed to match the dynamic shear stiffness, and therefore, the shear deformation of the adjacent soil (Lee et al.2013). Consequently, the pressure wave generated by the interaction between the soil and end-walls can be minimized through the ESB container.