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Plant Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
When Cry proteins are ingested by insects, they are dissolved in the alkaline juices present in the midgut lumen. The gut proteases process them hydrolytically to release the core toxic fragments. The toxic fragments are believed to bind to specific high-affinity receptors present in the brush border of midgut epithelial cells. As a result, the brush border membranes develop pores, most likely nonspecific in nature, permitting influx of ions and water into the epithelial cells, which causes their swelling and eventual lysis. The presence of specific receptors in the midgut epithelium is most likely the chief reason for Cry toxin specificity. The specificity seems to be lost upon reduction of the cysteine residues of the protoxin but can be restored by reoxidation of these residues.
Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
The Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, which is found on the mucosal brush border of the small intestine, is also a digestive enzyme that plays a vital role in the conversion of complex carbohydrates into simpler and absorbable forms. Thus, blockage of this enzyme is an efficient way to delay glucose absorption and prevent excessive postprandial blood glucose levels, which may help to slow the course of diabetes (Mechchate et al. 2021). Figure 11 illustrates the ethanol fruit extract of P. emblica, PE-AgNPs, PE-ZnONPs, and metformin inhibition Alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The inhibitory impact is proportional to the of P. emblica, PE-AgNPs, PE-ZnONPs, and metformin concentration, with the highest concentrations showing the most inhibition action with IC50 140.91 ± 0.97, 80.24 ± 1.38, 70.02 ± 0.59, and 68.63 ± 0.24 µg/mL, respectively. The nanoparticles form a complex with the enzymes and change their properties and mode of action. Hence, this indicates that inhibition of these enzymes by the biosynthesized nanoparticles using plant extract can be extremely advantageous in reducing the pace of carbohydrate metabolism and glucose absorption, thus ultimately contributing to the efficient management of diabetes (Saratale et al. 2020).
The effect of calcium co-ingestion on exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise in healthy men: A pilot study
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Ben J. Narang, Gareth A. Wallis, Javier T. Gonzalez
The typical intestinal glucose absorption pathway consists of an active component mediated by SGLT1 at the apical membrane of the enterocyte, followed by the passive transport of glucose across the basolateral membrane via GLUT2 (Röder et al., 2014). When luminal glucose concentrations are high, transport across the brush border membrane is thought to be facilitated by apical GLUT2 insertion (Chaudhry et al., 2012), resulting in a greater capacity for glucose uptake into the enterocyte. Thus, any factor that can influence apical GLUT2 expression has the potential to alter the absorption and subsequent metabolism of exogenous glucose. The putative role for calcium in apical GLUT2 insertion relates to both cytoskeletal rearrangement of the enterocyte (Turner, 2000) and SGLT1-dependent expression of PKC βII (Hug & Sarre, 1993). Morgan, Mace, Affleck, and Kellett (2007) demonstrated the necessity of calcium for myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity in isolated rate intestine, and in turn showed a facilitative role for MLCK activity in intestinal glucose absorption. Furthermore, these authors demonstrated a decrease in PKC βII expression in a calcium-deplete rat intestine (Mace et al., 2007; Morgan et al., 2007). However, despite the putative effect of calcium on intestinal glucose absorption, the present study shows that the addition of high-dose calcium to 1.2 g min−1 glucose does not enhance exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance exercise.
Renal damage induced by the pesticide methyl parathion in male Wistar rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Victor Hugo Fuentes-Delgado, María Consolación Martínez-Saldaña, María Luisa Rodríguez-Vázquez, Miguel Arturo Reyes-Romero, José Luis Reyes-Sánchez, Fernando Jaramillo-Juárez
There are reports of acute renal failure (ARF) following high-dose OP insecticide exposure (Betrosian et al. 1995; Poovala, Huang, and Salahudeen 1999). In our study, the renal adverse effects detected in MP-treated rats (glucose and phosphate excretion rate, as well as enzymuria and oliguria) may possibly be related to an early acute kidney injury (AKI). This pathological syndrome of intrinsic renal injury occurs with prolonged ischemic or toxic insults mediated by nephrotoxins (Ginsberg 2012; Racusen and Kashgarian 2007). Thus, damage to renal proximal cells produced by MP may account for increased urinary glucose excretion and phosphate. This correlates with enzymuria (γ-GGT activity in urine) and histopathological findings of the kidney (edema and loss of brush border membrane in proximal cells).