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Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulation
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
After passing through the dilated glomus or arteriolar shunts in the skin, the warm blood is carried by superficial veins where it can dissipate heat to the external surroundings. In the upper extremity, the majority of the warmed blood flows in multiple subdermal veins up to the elbow, where these superficial veins coalesce into the basilic vein. This large vein dives to meet the deeper brachial veins, which continue between the biceps and triceps muscles up to the shoulder, too deep to be detected thermographically. The cephalic vein, however, may sometimes be visualized, coursing up the lateral upper arm and across the anterior shoulder.
A narrative review of historic and current approaches for patients with difficult venous access: considerations for the emergency department
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Andrew Little, Drew G. Jones, Kimberly Alsbrooks
Ultrasound-guided PIV catheter placements may be inserted in any vein of the upper extremities. While deep arm veins (e.g. cephalic, basilic, and brachial veins) are often attempted, these veins may be challenging to access [27,28]. Since standard-length PIV catheters often dislodge from deep arm veins, longer PIV catheters have been recommended [27]. One systematic review of 16 studies of long PIVs (6 cm to 15 cm, with 8 cm being most frequent size, was published by Qin et al., 2020 [29]. This review reported that long PIVs can be safe and reliable in children and adults and shows value in DVA; however, catheter failure rates were shown to vary widely, from 4.3% to 52.5% with leakage, infiltration, and dislodgement, being most frequent causes of failure reported. Furthermore, longer PIV catheters may often not be stocked within emergency departments, further restricting treatment options for DVA in certain situations.