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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[biomedical, chemical, fluid dynamics] Hemodynamic link between the placenta in the mammalian mother and the unborn offspring, containing a variety of step-cell lines and a blood barrier that will not allow different blood types of host and fetus to interact. The umbilical cord provides a means of separation by semipermeable membranes among other mechanisms. There are four different blood group phenotypes: O, A, B, and AB, with rhesus factor either positive or negative (Rh factor). Specifically, since certain blood types cannot mix and will result in instant death for the fetus if no preventative action is taken. Specifically, when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, complications may arise during childbirth if no preventative action is taken. Latin: umbilicus (navel). In aerospace and aviation terms, the umbilical cord refers to the combination fuel-line and control cabling that attaches to a rocket to the main station and is detached on takeoff (see Figure U.15).
Overview of the Product Life Cycle
Published in Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson, Configuration Management, 2019
Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson
ISO cleanliness level 1 assemblies can only contain ISO cleanliness level 1 parts but can be used on any other ISO level assembly (Table 1.2). This is referred to as one-way part substitution. ISO particle size is shown in Table 1.3. Again, there is a biological similarity in human blood types. Blood typing is concerned with antigens, antibodies, and rhesus (Rh) factors. People with blood type O Rh– can only receive blood from other O Rh– donors, but they can donate blood to any other blood group (O Rh– is known as the universal donor). People with blood type AB Rh+ can only donate blood to other AB Rh+ recipients, but they can receive blood from any other blood group (AB Rh+ is known as the universal recipient). This concept is depicted in Table 1.4.
Boosting symbiotic organism search algorithm with ecosystem service for dynamic blood allocation in blood banking system
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Prinolan Govender, Absalom E Ezugwu
In reality, modelling the blood allocation problem is a challenging task because of the short shelf-life of blood, which, for red blood cells, is usually between 28 and 30 days, and because of the blood grouping system. Blood types of recipient and donor must be compatible. Blood is classified overall into four major types; namely the A, B, O, and AB blood groups. The grouping system is further complicated with the introduction of the Rhesus (positive or negative) factor, which means blood is classified into eight major types namely, A+, A−, B+, B−, AB+, AB−, O+, and O−. Consequently, modelling the implementation of the blood allocation problem will also have to consider the issue of assigning compatible blood types to the right recipients carefully. If this process is not handled well, incompatible blood might result in the death of the recipient. The current study has tried to incorporate these critical issues in the proposed mathematical model and its hybrid metaheuristic algorithm implementation.