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Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Viruses carried by arthropods such as mosquitoes or ticks are known collectively as arboviruses. WNV was accidentally introduced in the United States in 1999 and by 2003 had spread to almost every state with over 3000 cases in 2006.
Climate Change Impacts on Health in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Nina Lansbury Hall, Lucy Crosby
Arboviruses are infectious diseases transmitted through blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes. Climate change is projected to increase favourable breeding conditions for arthropods in many regions, resulting in arboviruses becoming the most common type of disease associated with climate change (Inglis 2009; Smith et al. 2014). The two main drivers that will increase vector-borne diseases are increased warmer temperatures, and increased rainfall and flooding that provide breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Human exposure to mosquito bites may increase in warmer temperatures that force outdoor workers to prefer work times during dawn and dusk, when mosquitoes are most active (Smith et al. 2014). However, extended periods of very hot temperatures may exceed tolerable levels for the existence of mosquito survival, thus potentially eliminating some breeds (Smith et al. 2014). Increased rainfall, tidal changes, higher humidity and flooding that results in pooled and stagnant water can increase available mosquito breeding grounds, leading to increased areas and longer duration of disease transmission (Du et al. 2010; AIHW 2018). Decreased rainfall can also increase mosquito populations if water is stored in open containers (Smith et al. 2014).
Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
Based on the insecticidal properties, spinosad was considered as a naturally occurring pesticide in control of several pests, including mosquitoes transmitting diseases, armyworms and other lepidopteran pests. Interestingly, the compound exhibits low toxicity to beneficial insects and demonstrates rapid degradation in the environment (DeAmicis et al. 1997; Yano et al. 2002). Although spinosad efficacious, it is relevant to highlight that certain species may differ markedly in their response according to the different stages (Williams, Valle, and Viñuela 2003). Currently, it is worthwhile noting the importance of the control of mosquito population targeting larval instars in urban areas and also management integrated procedures (PaPavela et al. 2019). Aedes aegypti, for instance, is the main vector of several debilitating diseases and life-threatening arboviruses, including Zika, Chikungunya, yellow fever and dengue (Pereira et al. 2016; Santos et al. 2017). The species is an efficient vehicle by which pathogens may be spread from host to host (Attardo, Hansen, and Raikhel 2005). In fact, the eradication of these mosquito-borne illnesses remains a hurdle in regard of the use of pesticides.
New Zealand travellers to high-risk destinations for arbovirus infection make little effort to avoid mosquito bites
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2023
Sherif E. Ammar, Mary Mclntyre, Michael G. Baker, Simon Hales
There are currently no specific treatments, antiviral therapy, or licensed vaccine available for most arbovirus infections. Therefore, current prevention actions must rely primarily on mosquito control and prevention. Preventive measures include adopting personal precautionary measures and behaviours to avoid mosquito bites and avoiding travel to endemic and epidemic areas. Advice from the New Zealand Ministry of Health for all travellers visiting high risk areas to avoid mosquito bites includes using of bed nets, wearing of protective clothing (e.g. long-sleeved shirts and long trousers), staying and sleeping in air-conditioned accommodation, and using mosquito repellent.