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Power Transmission, Brakes and Cooling Systems
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The final part of the power train is the final drive that reduces the output speed of the transmission/gearbox or drive shaft. It consists of a gear set made of two or more gears working together. The final drive includes the differential that accommodates unequal speeds of the inside and outside wheels when the the vehicle turns around a corner. The differential is necessary for the driven wheels on an axle since they are linked together so that the propulsion unit can transmit power to both the wheels. This is not a concern for the non-driven wheels which are not linked and can spin freely. The power from the differential is transferred to the final drive at the driven wheels by the half-shafts. The half-shafts transmit half of the power coming down the powertrain to the differential. The transmission or the gearbox out of the propulsion unit is not usually in the same plane as the differential; power needs to be transferred across the driveline at an angle. The universal joints (U-joints) and constant-velocity joints (CV-joints) are used to accomplish the task.
Propeller Shaft, Differential and Rear Axles
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
A media or shaft through which the gearbox output power is transferred to the axle is called propeller shaft. One end of the propeller shaft is connected to the gear box output and the other end connects to the final drive through universal joints. The shaft may be a one- or two-piece construction. It consists of universal joints/constant velocity joints and slip joints. In the case of the two-piece construction, there is a rubber-mounted bearing at the mid-point. A conventional universal joint consists of two yokes, connected to each end of the propeller shaft, a central or cross piece is attached to connect the two yokes. As the angular position of the shaft changes, the cross piece connected will turn in the bearing of the yoke. To overcome this problem of variations in speed and torque, special types of joints are provided in this assembly called constant velocity joints.
Miscellaneous Machine Component Failures – Chains, Lip Seals, Couplings, Universal Joints, and Plain Bearings
Published in Neville W. Sachs, Practical Plant Failure Analysis, 2019
There are several types of universal joints but the only industrial ones I’ve worked with have been the classical Cardan joints, also known as Hooke’s joints, such as those found on a car or truck driveshaft. Most of the failures have been of the caged needle bearings in the cups and, whenever a U-joint fails inspection of those bearings is valuable. (There is a U-joint cup in the kit we travel with that came off of a paper machine and always drove in one direction, but there are significant false brinell patterns at 0° and 180°, proof that there was a torsional vibration and that the actual loads were at least double the design loads.)
Design and test of vertical banana straw crushing and returning machine based on piranha tooth structure
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2023
Yue Li, Zihan Wu, Yuan Li, Chaofan Guo, Shiquan Wei
The vertical shaft opposite-cut banana straw crushing and returning machine is mainly composed of a shell, a three-point suspension device, a gearbox, spur gears, four-edged cutterheads and bionic crushing blades, as shown in Figure 1. During operation, the drive shaft of a tractor transmitted power to the main shaft of the machine through a universal joint, and then the gearbox drove the crusher. The machine was driven by a pair of bevel gears, which played a role of reversing. The power was transmitted to the crushing shaft through a set of spur gears, which played a role in the opposite direction of rotation. The main technical parameters of the machine are listed in Table 1. The new vertical crusher mainly has three structural improvements to the previous machines. The two cutterheads rotate in opposite directions, which is beneficial for straws cutting, and makes straw crushing more thoroughly. Compared with the belt transmission, the crushing stability of the gear transmission has been significantly improved, which makes the machine have a longer service life. The design of bionic blade can not only reduce the cutting resistance, but also improve the crushing efficiency.
Computational study on the potential of aluminium alloy as a candidate material in automotive leaf spring
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Mayank Kamboj, Amit Chetry, Caneon Kurien, Ajay Kumar Srivastava
A leaf spring undergoes various loads during the running condition, but these loads depend on the drive used for the transfer of torque from the transmission to the axles. There are two different types of drives commonly used in commercial vehicles, namely Hotchkiss drive and Torque tube drive. Among these drives, Hotchkiss drive is used in the heavy-duty vehicles since in this type of drive, the propeller shaft is coupled to the differential with the help of universal joint, which ensures that not much drive thrust is experienced by the differential and impacts of most of the loads like drive torque, brake torque acts on the leaf spring. Therefore, designing of leaf spring considering these factors is very necessary for failure analysis. This arrangement uses two rear leaf springs, which are longitudinally-mounted, and are connected to the frame by a ‘fixed’ pivot at the front, and swinging shackles at the rear. A universal joint is mounted at each end of the exposed or ‘open’ type propeller shaft, with provision for accommodating change in shaft length due to the deflection of the springs. This drive, therefore, incorporates an open propeller shaft with two universal joints and a slip joint.
Self-steering performance of a new bogie with four independently rotating wheels using caster angle
Published in International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2023
Chao Yang, Ning Xu, Wenjing Wang, Wen Li, Zunsong Ren
The front independent wheel-pair with a negative caster angle is shown in Figure 3. The direction of local view A is parallel to the steering axis. As shown in Figure 3, the independent wheel-pair is composed of an axle-bridge, two axle boxes, two independent wheels and a steering bar. The axle-bridge and the steering bar are connected by the anti-yaw spring and damper. The two axle boxes locate between the two independent wheels. Each axle box has a steering arm. The axle-bridge, steering bar and two axle boxes constitute a four-bar linkage which is the main part of the steering mechanism. Four revolute joints are illustrated in the plane for the steering mechanism. In three dimensions, the joints are composed of two hinge joints, a spherical joint and a universal joint.