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Overview and introduction
Published in Tom Denton, Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems, 2018
This area is made up of the braking, steering and suspension systems as well as the wheels and tyres. Hydraulic pressure is used to activate the brakes to slow down or stop the vehicle. Rotating discs are gripped between pads of friction lining (Fig. 1.19). The handbrake uses a mechanical linkage to operate parking brakes. Both front wheels are linked mechanically and must turn together to provide steering control. The most common method is to use a rack and pinion. The steering wheel is linked to the pinion and as this is turned it moves the rack to and fro, which in turn moves the wheels. Tyres also absorb some road shock and play a very important part in road holding. Most of the remaining shocks and vibrations are absorbed by springs in the driver and passenger seats. The springs can be coil type and are used in conjunction with a damper to stop them oscillating (bouncing up and down too much).
Design of Steering Torque Feedback in a Fixed-base Driving Simulator and Its Validation
Published in Marcelo M. Soares, Franscisco Rebelo, Advances in Usability Evaulation, 2013
In this study, the feedback model includes speed and angular position as variables. In reality, the feedback on a steering wheel is more complex. In modern passenger cars and commercial cars, the steering wheel is the connection between a driver and a car. The feedback that a driver feels from the steering wheel includes vibration and torque resistance, the former of which reflects the road surface condition and the latter contains more information than normally understood. The driver comprehends the information from steering wheel and other channels and instantly makes driving maneuver decisions. As modern cars are usually equipped with power steering unit, the torque feedback characteristic becomes more complicated. In order to find the relationship between the feedback torque and its determining factors, we could either build a steering system model and perform calculation or use key values to build up a regression model. The former approach would produce a precise function but takes much effort. The latter one allows us to quickly establish an approximate relationship. As the objective of this study is to provide an effective torque feedback to the users of the simulator, the regression method is adopted.
Running gear
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
When the steering wheel is turned, this turns the steering column that operates the mechanism of the steering box. The cross-shaft is the output from the steering box, which moves the drop-arm. This pushes or pulls the drag link, which operates the steering lever, which is attached to the offside stub axle. The offside wheel is thereby moved in the required direction. The wheel hub is mounted on the stub axle, which pivots on the king pin in the beam axle. The track rod is attached to the offside steering lever, so that it moves transversely when the offside wheel is turned. This moves the nearside track rod end (TRE) which is attached to the nearside steering arm that steers the nearside stub axle and the nearside wheel.
Control Interface for Next Generation Vehicles: What Is the Best Way to Drive Four-Wheel Independent Steering Vehicles?
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Young Woo Kim, Yong Gu Ji, Sol Hee Yoon
4WIS vehicles will have to be equipped with an additional interface that can control the new functions. In traditional vehicles, the steering wheel determines the direction of all vehicle wheels. Therefore, it is impossible for the driver to set the wheels of the vehicle in different directions only with the steering wheel, which means that the 4WIS vehicle requires a control interface in addition to the steering wheel. In particular, the control interface should ensure high level of usability for road safety and efficient driving. Previous studies have designed control interfaces to perform 4WIS manipulation (Lam et al., 2010; Lauria et al., 2006; Oshima et al., 2005; Panzirsch & Weber, 2015; Qi et al., 2016; Qian et al., 2008; T. Zhang et al., 2020) which mostly focused on the design of control algorithm without assessing the usability of the interface from driver’s perspective. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the previously presented 4WIS control interfaces and to discover their usability problems.