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Inanimate Debris Generated by Adverse Weather Conditions
Published in Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Foreign Object Debris and Damage in Aviation, 2022
The damage of different parts of aircraft is identified hereafter. Fuselage: the forward section including radome, cockpit, windshield, and canopy.Wings: the leading edges, wing tips and roots, and control surfaces.Horizontal and vertical tail: leading edges and control surfaces.Engine: cowling and ignition harnesses.Propeller: blades and propeller assemblies.Wheel doors: lattice hybrid structure.Aircraft accessories: radar coverings, antenna loop housings, and landing and navigational lights.
Aircraft economics
Published in Gert Meijer, Fundamentals of Aviation Operations, 2020
Improvements in engine fuel efficiency comes mainly from deploying a larger fan, we therefore see new engines appearing at higher diameters of the engine cowling. Aircraft with big fans stand higher on their gear on the ground to ensure ground clearance for these bigger engines. Besides the large fan, engines gain fuel efficiency and lower emissions by higher operating temperatures. The lowest emissions caused by burning fuel occur when the burn process is stoichiometric; at that point exactly all fuel molecules ‘burn’ with the available oxygen. No fuel molecule is left unused. Unfortunately, the temperature that is reached at the stoichiometric burn is so high that as a side effect the nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen, thereby forming NOx pollution and emission. A tremendous engineering effort is put in reaching the goal of complete burn of fuel (no fuel molecule left unburned), but at a temperature which doesn’t lead to the forming of NOx.
Tool for risk reduction at specific component aircraft engine welding
Published in Stein Haugen, Anne Barros, Coen van Gulijk, Trond Kongsvik, Jan Erik Vinnem, Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World, 2018
The important role at engine protection it fills the protective cowling (GE Aviation 2015). It goes on rigid, i.e. non-rotatory part, the function of which is to catch the prospective fragments of blades, discs or of other parts. It is located inside the aircraft engine, and it is attached to the outer aircraft engine shell that fenced the capacity turbine. Because, it ties to the combustor, from which the hot gases are regulated to the output turbine blades, it is designed by the way, so in addition to absorption of spasmodic performance it would withstand the high temperature and pressure (GE Aviation 2015).
Pyrolysis oil for diesel engines from plastic solid waste: a performance, combustion and emission study
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
T. R. Praveenkumar, Prabu Velusamy, Dhivya Balamoorthy
The major barriers in the implementation of the biodiesel are noise and vibrations of the diesel engine. The vibration can be reduced by the optimised choice of the blends. Proper insulation and good damping support are obligatory (Manigandan et al. 2018). Nowadays, special composite materials are used to reduce the vibration and improvise the strength of the engine cowling (Gunasekar and Manigandan 2017). In addition to the above, the noise and the emission are controlled by modifying the exhaust jet (Gunasekar et al. 2017). Some notable studies predicted non-circular nozzle has higher mixing than circular jet (Manigandan and Vijayaraja 2018a, 2018b). Having that in the mind, the existing exhaust manifold can be changed to a different configuration for better exhaust quality. Besides, the cost of experimental testing and the wide range of the fuels are tested with the help of numerical computational fluid dynamic support. Introduction of the CFD reduces the cost compared to the bench set-up (Manigandan et al. 2018; Manigandan et al. 2017).
Acoustic and vibration analysis of pineapple leaf fibre laminates for aircraft applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
S. Manigandan, P. Gunasekar, S. Nithya, J. Devipriya, W. S. R. Saravanan, S. Venkatesan
The specimens P5, P8 and P12 are tested for their topological properties. Furthermore, they are also tested for jet noise and vibration absorption by the laminates which are generated from pineapple fibre. Initially, the engine is allowed to run at the idle speed of 1000 rpm for all experiments (Manigandan et al. 2019). The series of experiments are conducted for different engine rpm with PGF cowling and aluminium cowling and compared. The figure 1 shows the variation of stress and strain is very effective for the laminate made of graphene. We have prepared three 3 types of the specimens made by the vacuum bag moulding process at various proportions of graphene 5%, 10% and 12% of nanocomposites to form PGF5, PGF8 and PGF12, respectively, and the specimens are tested to find the mechanical property.
Experimental study on performance improvement of a Savonius turbine by equipping with a cylindrical cowling
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Amit Kumar Mandal, Kunj Bihari Rana, Brajesh Tripathi
Figure 4a shows the situation in which, during rotation, the plane of rotor turns itself parallel to the direction of wind. Due to this, some portion of wind stream passes away without meeting with the rotor and no work is done (unused stream). Figure 4b indicates CC2 of covering angle 270º on the Savonius rotor. By greater covering angle (270º), the unutilized air stream may enter through the extra quarter cylinder part of cowling as depicted in Figure 4b. With the further guidance of inner profile of CC2, this air-swirl may play an important role in increasing the turbine torque by pushing the concave side of the rotor to some extent. By using CC2, the rotor can generate power even when the rotor-plane is parallel to the direction of the wind. In this way, power generation can be increased by flow augmentation and reduction in negative torque.