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Technological Development
Published in Edward Y. Uechi, Business Automation and Its Effect on the Labor Force, 2023
The previous section on how data analysis has evolved would suggest that the computer is beginning to think like a human. Alan Turing wrote about such a possibility in a 1950 article in the journal Mind. He proposed a test (widely hailed as the “Turing Test”) to determine whether a computer can convince a third-party person that it is the real human in a question-and-answer session with an actual person. The computer and the live person would engage in a conversation, and the third-party person must decide which one is really a human. The third-party person cannot see the participants but can only hear ideally read the participants’ responses in written form. The Turing Test is a demonstration of how well a computer can imitate a human. Alan Turing estimated that it would not be until 2000 (50 years from publishing the article) that a computer with sufficient storage capacity will be able to pass his test.33
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on 5G-Enabled IoT Networks
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Ranjana Sikarwar, Parth Wazurkar
Neurology research considers the brain to be an electrical network of neurons. Claude Shannon’s research in information theory was illustrated by digital signals 0 or 1. Norbert Wiener’s cybernetics produced the theory of control and stability in electrical networks. In the year 1943 Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch described how artificial neural networks could perform simple logical functions. Their work on artificial neural networks led to the development of what researchers now call neural networks. In 1950 Alan Turing’s landmark paper on creating machines that can think introduced the famous Turing Test. In 1956, at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project, the field of AI was founded; artificial means ‘man-made’ and intelligence means ‘thinking ability’, thus AI means ‘man-made thinking ability. Since 2011, advances in deep learning have promoted research in the field of image and video processing, and text analysis.
AI Emerging Communication and Computing
Published in S. Kanimozhi Suguna, M. Dhivya, Sara Paiva, Artificial Intelligence (AI), 2021
Turing test represents a magnitude of testing AI. The objective of this test is to investigate whether the machine (computer) intelligence behaviour is capable of thinking like a human or not. Turing test was developed by Alan Mathison Turing. He is the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence, and he is an English mathematician. To date, no AI model has passed the Turing test. Dr. Ray Kurzweil, an American inventor who is the Co-founder and Chancellor of Singularity University and also the director of engineering, Google team, has developed machine intelligence and Natural Language. He is a part of AI field programs such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments. He hopes that in the future Singularity will pass the Turing test. The Staffordshire University research team has taken a step ahead to establish a contemporary way of turning tests, i.e. Multimodal Turning test.
Impact of AI and COVID-19 on manufacturing systems: An Asia Pacific Perspective on the two Competing exigencies
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2023
Malini Mittal Bishnoi, Swamynathan Ramakrishnan, Swathi Suraj, Ashish Dwivedi
AI is often perceived as a pursuit to create machines that can reason, learn, and act intelligently like humans (MIT Technology Review, 2020). Alan Turing, in the year 1950, was the first to propose a test known commonly known today as the ‘Turing Test’ or the ‘Imitation Game’ to replace the question of ‘whether machines can think’ with a game to measure a machine’s ability to imitate human intelligence (Turing, 1950). The game tested a human interrogator’s ability to distinguish a human test subject and a machine, thereby quantifying the intelligence displayed by the machine (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003). Following Turing’s revelations, numerous scientists and researchers have worked towards the introduction of novel intelligent machines. The developments in AI have been intricately linked to studies in psychological science, particularly in human vision, regular dialect, and learning (Ruhela & Riaz, 2019). The search for advanced and smart systems and technology has led to the introduction of Machine Learning (ML) which involves using unique algorithms to resolve and sort data, the Internet of Things (IoT) which involves an expanding network of physical objects, and Big Data (BD) which encompasses large data sets for analyses (CIS, n.d.; Lyam, 2020).
Assessing the Behavioral Intention of Individuals to Use an AI Doctor at the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Care Levels
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Pelin Uymaz, Ali Osman Uymaz, Yakup Akgül
AI, often known as “computational intelligence” or “the science and engineering of constructing intelligent machines” refers to the rapidly expanding discipline of emulating intelligence (Radanliev & De Roure, 2022b), human-like behavior in computers and other technologies (Amisha et al., 2019; Ebermann et al., 2023). In 1950, Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of contemporary computers and AI, developed the “Turing test” which was based on the idea that intelligent behavior in a machine is the capacity to do cognition-related activities at a level comparable to that of a human (Mintz & Brodie, 2019). Edward Shortliffe created the MYCIN AI system in the 1970s, which was used to diagnose blood-borne bacterial infectious diseases and recommend the use of antibiotics (Guo & Li, 2018). Since then, disease diagnosis and treatment have been a focus of AI technology (Davenport & Kalakota, 2019).
Enhancing website security against bots, spam and web attacks using lCAPTCHA
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2023
S. Vaithyasubramanian, D. Lalitha, C. K. Kirubhashankar
A statistical survey in 2016 on ‘Internet Traffic Analysis’ reflects approximately 44% of total Internet traffic is caused by manual consumers, while the rest are caused by spammers, scrapers, and automated systems [1]. A similar survey on March 2017 reveals that 49.7% of the global population consumes Internet usage services [2,3]. To provide various services in this digital technology, there are more than 1 billion web resources. Users, who require the service of a website, will have to solve a Turing test challenge offered by that website. It is malicious software defense scheme to differentiate human utilization of web services from robotic activity [4,5]. The method to establish whether or not a computer is able to think like a human being is the Turing test. CAPTCHA is a program that generates tests which require end-users to submit results for validation. To control the access of the resources web designers often use CAPTCHA. A key to network attacks – ‘CAPTCHA’ was found in 1997. VonAhn in 2003 initiated the concept of a CAPTCHA to be used in a wide manner [6,7].