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Emergent Behaviour
Published in Andrew Cook, Damián Rivas, Complexity Science in Air Traffic Management, 2016
Henk A.P. Blom, Mariken H.C. Everdij, Soufiane Bouarfa
To accommodate expected growth in commercial air traffic, significant changes to the air transport system are in development both in the US and in Europe. In addition to accommodating much higher traffic demands, the challenge is to improve performance across other key performance areas, including safety and efficiency (SESAR, 2007a). It is, therefore, essential to study and understand the effects of changes to individual elements and interactions on emergent properties and behaviours (Bar-Yam, 2003; Holmes, 2004; SESAR, 2007b). A key issue for future air traffic design is the identification of unknown emergent risks (EUROCONTROL, 2010b). Unanticipated hazards could arise as a result of new concepts, tools, or procedures. Similarly, positive emergent behaviours may also be currently unknown. Woods et al. (2010) explain that while new paradigms (e.g., airborne self-separation) could give rise to new vulnerabilities, they could also remove existing ones. More generally, new emergent behaviour that is not well understood often leads to poor performance. Once new emergent behaviour is better understood, it may be possible to generate emergent behaviour that yields performance improvements. The challenge, which this chapter addresses, is how to identify and study emergent behaviour during the early design stage of future ATM.
Historicizing making and doing: Seymour Papert, Sherry Turkle, and epistemological foundations of the maker movement
Published in History and Technology, 2020
Michael Lachney, Ellen K. Foster
They explicitly referenced the early work of Keller, Carolyn Merchant, and Haraway to show that aggression and masculinity have deep historical and cultural roots in Western science.88 They argued that while these roots extended into computing culture, ‘The practice of computing provides support for a pluralism that is denied by its social construction’.89 To challenge the idea that masculine aggression, violence, and legacies of scientific objectivity are somehow inherent to computing, they explained how non-canonical styles of computer science research, such as ‘emergent AI’ and ‘object-oriented programming’, represented the possibility of a new computer culture.90