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Published in Andrew Maynard, Jack Stilgoe, The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering and Clean Energy, 2020
Jack Stilgoe, Richard Owen, Phil Macnaghten
The case was the Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE) project, funded by three UK research councils (the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Natural Environmental Research Council and the Science and Technology Facilities Council). The aim of this project was to investigate whether the purposeful injection of large quantities of particles into the stratosphere could mimic the cooling effects of volcanic eruptions and provide a possible means to mitigate global warming (SPICE, 2010). The SPICE project was funded to answer three broad questions: First, what quantity of which type(s) of particle would need to be injected into the atmosphere (and where), to effectively manage the climate system? Second, how might we deliver it there? Third, what are the likely impacts associated with deployment? In response to the second question, a test was proposed of a scaled down delivery system, a 1-km high hose attached to a tethered balloon. Although the testbed would not be a geoengi-neering test per se - the trial would spray only a small amount of water - the testbed nevertheless constituted the UK’s first field trial of a technology with geoengineering potential (Macnaghten and Owen, 2011), and was as such deeply symbolic, even though this symbolism was not initially apparent to many of those involved.
Design and graphical communication
Published in Mike Tooley, Engineering GCSE, 2012
To explain how a mind map works let us assume that the Head of Technology in your school has been asked to find some way of taking a series of aerial photographs of the school’s outdoor swimming pool using a compact digital camera. The Technology Department has been given a limited sum towards the cost of materials and there appears to be two ways in which the problem could be solved, using some form of platform or some form of aircraft. The platform solution could be based on a number of options, namely a scaffolding tower, a pneumatic mast or some form of extending arm. The aircraft solution could use a piloted aircraft (an expensive option), a radio-controlled model aircraft or a tethered balloon. The piloted aircraft could be a plane, a helicopter or a hot-air balloon whilst the radio-controlled aircraft could be a plane or a helicopter. These solutions are illustrated in the mind map shown in Figure 1.5.
Introduction
Published in Keith Attenborough, Timothy Van Renterghem, Predicting Outdoor Sound, 2021
Keith Attenborough, Timothy Van Renterghem
A tethered balloon measured air temperature and wind speed up to a height of approximately 100 m (see Figure 1.14). Between 19:35 and 20:00, a ground-based temperature inversion was developing and was followed by a fully developed and strong temperature inversion during the night which persisted until the next morning. After sunrise, there was a transition towards a neutral and unstable atmospheric boundary layer at 7:20, indicated by the temperature decrease with height.
Observation and modeling of vertical carbon dioxide distribution in a heavily polluted suburban environment
Published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2020
Zhongxiu BAO, Pengfei HAN, Ning ZENG, Di LIU, Qixiang CAI, Yinghong WANG, Guiqian TANG, Ke ZHENG, Bo YAO
The CO2 vertical profile and meteorological parameters (pressure, temperature, relative humidity) of the lower troposphere (0–1000 m) were measured in the winter of 2019 (8–16 January) by a miniaturized CO2 monitoring instrument based on NDIR technology. The tethered balloon experiment consisted of two processes (ascending and descending), and the duration of each flight lasted approximately 1–2 h. The average ascending or descending speed was ~0.6 m s−1. The maximum height of the flights was 1000 m (Zhao et al. 2019). The experiment procedure is shown in Figure 2. There were two types of tethered balloon experiments: Type 1 involved the balloon rising to a height of 500 m (type 1.1), remaining for about 1.5 h, and then being pulled back to the ground (type 1.2); Type 2 involved the balloon rising to 1000 m (type 2.1) and then being directly pulled back to the ground (type 2.2). During the study period, we carried out a total of 11 experiments, and as the experiments were divided into two processes, i.e. ascending and descending, a total of 22 experiment profiles were obtained. For this paper, we selected 10 typical experiment profiles to explain the vertical distributions and factors controlling such distributions. Table 1 shows the time record of typical experiments.
A review of breathable residential areas in Xi'an of China
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2019
Meng Zhen, Dian Zhou, Yuanping He, Chuck Wah Yu, Ying Liu, Qi Dong
Wang et al. (2018) applied large eddy simulation to evaluate the extraction accuracy of different satellite image building heights in Hongkong. It was found that the fusion of SAR and stereo images can accurately simulate the urban canopy wind profile. Zhang et al. (2012) applied the tethered balloon system to study the distribution of aerosols in the vertical dimension of 1200 m in Beijing, and used the CFL-16 wind profiler to monitor the wind field profile. Abd Razak et al. (2013) applied the large eddy simulation method to study the wind profiles of five different spatial configurations of residential areas, and established a mathematical model for predicting the height velocity of pedestrians based on the ratio of the frontal area of the building. Ricci et al. (2017) applied wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulation methods to study the evolution of the urban boundary layer in Italian traditional neighbourhoods, and quantitatively analyzed the wind profile, revealing the evolution characteristics of the wind profile during the transition from ocean to city. Lim et al. (2017) used the Doppler lidar system to observe the wind profile of a high-density area in Tokyo, Japan. It was found that the power index (PLI) of the wind profile was a time-dependent variable rather than a constant. Therefore, the constant power exponent given in the commonly used standards can cause simulation errors, and the simulation error in natural ventilation and energy saving could be as high as 45%.
Development of drone-based filter sampling system for carbonaceous aerosol analysis using thermal–optical transmittance method
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023
Jaebeom Park, Dong-Bin Kwak, Minwoo Baek, Songhui Lee, Woo Young Kim, Ki Ae Kim, Ji Yi Lee, Kang-Ho Ahn, Handol Lee
Several measurement platforms and systems have been applied to investigate the aerial characteristics of atmospheric particles, e.g., tethered balloons (Hara, Osada, and Yamanouchi 2013; Samad et al. 2020; Creamean et al. 2021), radiosondes (Lv et al. 2017), drones (Brady et al. 2016; Cheng et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Cao et al. 2020; Hedworth et al. 2021), aircraft (Wang et al. 2007; Paris et al. 2009), lidar (Chen et al. 2007), and meteorological towers (Yang, Yuesi, and Changchun 2009). Hara, Osada, and Yamanouchi (2013) performed tethered balloon measurements at Syowa Station, Antarctica to investigate the constituents of an aerosol using a two-stage impactor for atmospheric sampling, as well as performed single particle analysis using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Various types of particles such as sulfate, MgSO4, MgCl2, and sea-salt particles were observed, among which sulfate and sea-salt particles were the major constituents in the boundary layer during summer and winter seasons in Syowa Station, respectively. Samad et al. (2020) employed a tethered balloon system to measure PM, black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles in Stuttgart, Germany. Lv et al. (2017) employed lidar, radiosonde, and ground-based in-situ nephelometer measurements to examine aerosol hygroscopic properties in Xinzhou, China. Although the abovementioned aerial measurement systems can provide insightful information regarding atmospheric particles, they present a few obstacles such as technical difficulties, insufficient tools, and expensive aerial measurements. We believe that all aerial measurement methods should be further improved and employed in future studies.